Beyond Muslim identity: Opinion-based groups in the Gezi Park protest

Media depicted Turkish Gezi Park protests as a clash between secularists and Islamists within a majority-Muslim country. Extending a social identity approach to protests, this study aims (a) to distinguish the protest participants in terms of their opinion-based group memberships, (b) to investigate how their religious identification and their group membership were associated with democratic attitudes. Six hundred and fifty highly educated urban young adult participants were surveyed during the protest. Latent class analysis of participants’ political concerns and online and offline actions yielded four distinct opinion-based groups labeled “liberals,” “secularists,” “moderates,” and “conservatives.” Looking at the intersection of the participants’ group identities with their Muslim identification, we observed that the higher conservatives’ and moderates’ religious identification, the less they endorsed democratic attitudes, whereas religious identification made little or no difference in liberals’ and secularists’ democratic attitudes. Our findings of distinct groups among protest participants in a majority-Muslim country challenge an essentialist understanding of religion as a homogeneous social identity.status: publishe

Identity multiplicity among the Muslim second generation in European cities: where are religious and ethnic identities compatible or conflicting with civic identities?

"Drawing on recent cross-nationally comparative survey data of the Turkish and Moroccan second generation in five European cities, this study examines the patterns of identification with ethnic, religious, national and city identities. We take a comparative perspective and analyse data from five cities (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerp, Brussels and Stockholm) that differ markedly in their policy approach to the integration of immigrants, the socio-economic position of the second generation and the political climate confronting ethnic and religious minorities. The analysis focuses on the question of how the Turkish and Moroccan second generation combines their ethnic and religious minority identities with identification with the country and city of residence. As European national identities are to a greater extent than is the case for US American national identity implicitly tied to and appropriated by the national majority group, we hypothesise that national identities will be non-inclusive of ethnic and religious identification, thus resulting in a negative correlation between Dutch/ Belgian/ Swedish identity on the one hand and Turkish/ Moroccan and Muslim identities on the other. In contrast, we expect a positive correlation with identification with the city of residence, as Europe's cities are more diverse in terms of their population composition, have a more cosmopolitan outlook and are to a lesser extent dominated by one group of the population than the nationstates in which they are located. Secondly, we hypothesise that distinct identification patterns will be related to the modes of incorporation of the second generation, such that identity compatibility (i.e., positive associations between ethnic and religious identities on the one hand and national and city identities on the other) instead of identity conflict (i.e., negative associations) will be more often found in more favourable contexts of reception." (author's abstract)"Das Paper analysiert die Identifikationsmuster der türkischen und marokkanischen zweiten Einwanderergeneration in vergleichender Perspektive auf Basis von neuen ländervergleichenden Umfragedaten in fünf europäischen Städten in drei Ländern (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Antwerpen, Brüssel und Stockholm). Diese unterscheiden sich deutlich in ihrer Einwanderungs- und Integrationspolitik, aber auch in der sozioökonomischen Position der zweiten Generation und in dem Maß der politischen Polarisierung rundum die Themen Immigration und Integration. Daraus ergeben sich länder- und städtespezifische „modes of incorporation“, die hier in Bezug zu den Identifikationsmustern der zweiten Generation gesetzt werden. Dabei richten wir uns vor allem auf die Zusammenhänge zwischen ethnischer und religiöser Identifikation auf der einen Seite – als Identitäten die die türkische und marokkanische zweite Generation von der Mehrheitsgesellschaft unterscheiden – und nationaler (d.h., niederländischer, belgischer und schwedischer) und Städte- Identifikation (z.B. Amsterdamer) – als Identitäten die mit der Mehrheitsgesellschaft geteilt werden. Da europäische nationale Identitäten stärker als dies in den USA der Fall ist von den ethnischen und religiösen Merkmalen der Mehrheitsgesellschaft bestimmt werden und daher ethnische und religiöse Minderheiten eher ausschließen, erwarten wir einen negativen Zusammenhang zwischen nationaler Identifikation auf der einen, und ethnischer und religiöser Identifikation auf der anderen Seite. Im Gegensatz dazu erwarten wir positive Zusammenhänge mit der Identifikation mit der Stadt, da europäische Städte im Vergleich zu den sie umringenden Ländern Zentren ethnischer und kultureller Vielfalt sind und ihre Identität daher weniger von einer einzelnen Gruppe dominiert wird. Aus vergleichender Perspektive erwarten wir, dass die Identifikationsmuster der zweiten Generation die 'modes of incorporation' in den jeweiligen Kontexten widerspiegeln, so dass in für Einwanderer der zweiten Generation günstigeren Kontexten Identitäten eher kompatibel sind (d.h., positiv korrelieren) und sich seltener in Konflikt miteinander befinden (d.h. negativ korrelieren)." (Autorenreferat

Transmission of gender-role values in Turkish-German migrant families: the role of gender, intergenerational and intercultural relations

'In dieser Studie wird untersucht, wie die Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen türkisch-deutscher Jugendlicher sowohl durch intergenerationale als auch interkulturelle Beziehungen geprägt werden. Als Teil einer größeren Befragung von Einwandererfamilien in Deutschland (Nauck 2000) wurden Eltern-Kind-Dyaden gleichen Geschlechts (N=405) getrennt voneinander über ihre Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen, Sozialisationsziele und Erziehungsstile in den Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen, sowie über das Ausmaß von Akkulturation und wahrgenommener Diskriminierung in den interkulturellen Beziehungen befragt. Die Diskrepanz zwischen den Generationen unterschied sich je nach Geschlecht dahingehend, dass bei den Töchtern ein signifikanter Schub in Richtung egalitärer Wertvorstellungen auftrat, während die Söhne so konservativ wie ihre Väter blieben. Um die Annahme egalitärer vs. konservativer Geschlechtsrollenvorstellungen durch türkische Heranwachsende zu erklären wurden soziodemographische, intergenerationale und interkulturelle Faktoren als unabhängige Variablen in Kovarianzanalysen einbezogen, wobei die Wertvorstellungen der Heranwachsenden als abhängige Variable angesehen wurde. Wie erwartet waren im höhere Maße akkulturierte Heranwachsende - was durch die Selbsteinschätzung der Kenntnisse in der deutschen Sprache gemessen wurde - egalitärer eingestellt. Darüber hinaus waren die egalitärsten Wertvorstellungen bei denjenigen Töchtern anzutreffen, die Mütter mit höherer Bildung und egalitären Wertvorstellungen hatten. Umgekehrt verstärkten die väterlichen Ziele im Bereich der religiösen Sozialisation und Diskrimierungswahrnehmungen konservative Wertvorstellungen bei den Söhnen. Die Ergebnisse legen ein geschlechtsspezifisches Transmissionsmuster nahe, bei dem die Mutter die unmittelbare Kulturvermittlerin ist, der Vater aber über die normative Bezugnahme auf religiöse Autorität Einfluss ausübt. Am wichtigste ist jedoch, dass angespannte interkulturelle Beziehungen mit konservativen Geschlechterrollenvorstellungen bei den Söhnen der türkischen Migranten assoziiert sind.' (Autorenreferat)'This study investigates how gender-role values of Turkish-German adolescents are shaped by intergenerational as well as intercultural relations. As part of a major survey of migrant families in Germany (Nauck, 2000), Turkish same-sex parent-child dyads (N=405) were each asked separately about their gender-role values, about socialisation goals and styles in parent-child relations, and about degrees of acculturation and perceived discrimination in intercultural relations. Intergenerational discrepancies differed across gender. in that second-generation daughters showed a significant shift towards more egalitarian values, but sons remained as conservative as their fathers. To explain the adoption of egalitarian vs. conservative gender role values by Turkish adolescents, sociodemographic, intergenerational and intercultural factors were entered as independent variables in analyses of covariance with adolescents' values as a dependent variable. As expected, adolescents who are more acculturated, as indicated by self-reported German language proficiency, are more egalitarian. In addition, we find most egalitarian values among daughters of more highly educated and more egalitarian mothers. Conversely, father's religious socialisation goals and the perception of discrimination reinforce conservative values in sons. The findings suggest a gendered transmission pattern, where the mother is the direct cultural transmitter and the father exerts influence through normative reference to religious authority. Most importantly, tense intercultural relations are associated with conservative gender-role values among the sons of Turkish migrants.' (author's abstract

Old and new inequalities in educational attainment

This study examines ethnic and class inequalities in educational attainment using the 2001 Belgian Census. It analyses the highest qualifications that the 1973 to 1979 birth cohort obtained in 2001. Variation in attainment levels is explained as a function of gender, ethnic and class origins, and other characteristics of the parental household in 1991. Earlier findings of gross ethnic disadvantage, in particular among Turkish and Moroccan youngsters, were largely replicated when ethnicity is identified by ancestry rather than nationality. Looking across ethnic groups, parental resources in 1991 were very powerful predictors of educational attainment in 2001. In order of importance, parental education, accumulated wealth (as measured by ownership and quality of housing), employment and occupational class explain most educational inequality. Ethnic disadvantage is perpetuated from one generation to the next mainly through mechanisms of class disadvantage. In addition, there is evidence of cumulative ethnic and class disadvantage for Turkish and Moroccan minorities. Finally, the largest unexplained ethnic disadvantage is found for the Turkish minority in Flanders. Not only are they most underrepresented in tertiary education, they are also most at risk of school dropout in secondary education

Disrupting Pathways of Intergenerational Transmissions of Gender Ideology and Practice

This article examines pathways to intergenerational transmission of gender values, norms and ideology with a particular focus on contexts where there is a strong intersection between gender and poverty. The first part explores the multiplicity of conduits of knowledge and influence across generations. The potential for reversing the direction of intergenerational influence and challenging its unilinearity are further examined in a study of a project supporting child leaders in Egypt. The article explores the opportunities and challenges in facilitating children's agency in poor communities and argues that although they were able to challenge social values on various levels, their agency was limited by structural factors. The last section examines some of the structural dynamics associated with the demise of the gender contract (in practice but not in ideology) on intergenerational transmission of values and ideas, and how they may bring possibilities for disruptions in gender ideas and values, both positive and negative

Minority adolescents in ethnically diverse schools: perceptions of equal treatment buffer threat effects

Can perceptions of equal treatment buffer the negative effects of threat on the school success of minority students? Focusing on minority adolescents from Turkish and Moroccan heritage in Belgium (M_age = 14.5; N = 735 in 47 ethnically diverse schools), multilevel mediated moderation analyses showed: (1) Perceived discrimination at school predicted lower test performance; (2) Experimentally-manipulated stereotype threat decreased performance (mediated by increased disengagement); (3) Perceived equal treatment at school predicted higher performance (mediated by decreased disengagement); and (4) Personal and peer perceptions of equal treatment buffered negative effects of discrimination and stereotype threat. Thus,(situational) stereotype threat and perceived discrimination at school both undermine minority student success, whereas perceived equal treatment can provide a buffer against such threats

Ft values of the T = 1/2 mirror beta transitions

A complete survey is presented of all half-life and branching-ratio measurements related to the isospin T = 1/2 mirror beta transitions ranging from 3He to 83Mo. No measurements are ignored, although some are rejected for cause. Using the decay energies obtained in the 2003 Mass Evaluation experimental ft values are then determined for the transitions up to 45V. For the first time also all associated theoretical corrections needed to convert these results into "corrected" Ft values, similar to the superallowed 0+ -> 0+ pure Fermi beta transitions, were calculated. Precisions of the resulting values are in most cases between 0.1 % and 0.4 %. These Ft(mirror) values can now be used to extract precise weak interaction information from past and ongoing correlation measurements in the beta decay of the T = 1/2 mirror beta transitions