Le tourisme en Thaïlande

The Tourist Trade in Thailand. Beginning towards the end of the 1950's, Thailand experienced remarkable growth in its tourist trade. The increasingly important role of the airport at Bangkok and the American military intervention in Vietnam are the main reasons for the increase in tourist travel to the country. But the tourist trade developped in a non-planned and, so to speak, spontaneous manner, so that for the 1974-1975 tourist season, the growth in the number of visitors slowed, and in 1976 the rate of growth even became negative. This slowdown had the effect of putting the tourist industry on a sounder basis, thanks, especially, to the creation of the Tourism Authority of Thailand. By the end of the 1970's, recovery and the increase in the number of tourists didn't cease to improve, and the number of five million tourists has now been exceeded. T.A.T. has, indeed, greatly expanded its advertising activities. Income brought in by tourism has largely compensated for the petroleum expenditures of the Realm. The hotel industry, after having experienced difficulties in filling the rooms available, has been able, since the 1985-1986 season, to dictate its prices to the tour operators. Negative effects of the growth of tourism are above all noticeable in Pattaya (pollution and prostitution), and among certain of the mountain tribes in the north of the country. Overall, however, international tourism in Thailand appears to be a success. Its contribution to the economic development of the country is indisputable.A partir de la fin des années 1950 la Thaïlande connaît un essor touristique remarquable. Le rôle grandissant de 1 ' aéroport de Bangkok et 1'intervention américaine au Vietnam constituent les raisons essentielles de ce décollage de la fréquentation. Mais le tourisme se développe de façon spontanée si bien qu'en 1974-75 la croissance du nombre de visiteurs ralentit et même devient négative en 1976. Ce marasme permet en fait de repartir sur de meilleures bases notamment grâce à la création du Tourism Authority of Thailand. Depuis la fin de la décennie 1970, la reprise et l'augmentation de la fréquentation touristique n'ont jamais été démenties et les cinq millions d'entrées sont désormais dépassés. Le T.A.T. a en effet considérablement développé les actions de promotion. Les revenus induits par le tourisme ont surtout augmenté dans les années 1980 et largement compensé les dépenses pétrolières du Royaume. L'hôtellerie après avoir connu des difficultés de remplissage dicte depuis 1985-86 ses prix aux tours-opérateurs. Les impacts du développement du tourisme se ressentent surtout à Pattaya (pollution, prostitution) et chez certaines tribus montagnardes du nord. Globalement le tourisme international en Thaïlande apparaît plutôt comme une réussite. Sa contribution au décollage économique du pays est incontestable.Peyrou Bruno. Le tourisme en Thaïlande. In: Cahiers d'outre-mer. N° 177 - 45e année, Janvier-mars 1992. pp. 55-76

Le tourisme international à Hong Kong et Singapour

The international Tourist Trade in Hong-Kong and Singapore. Hong-Kong and Singapore, both nation cities and N.I.C's., have in the past two decades established solid positions as two the large tourist centers of Asia and Southeast Asia. If Western travelers are numerous, it is the Asiatic countries that supply most of the visitors for these two destinations. Singapore experienced far greater difficulties in supplying enough tourist accomodation facilities than did Hong-Kong, whose tourist trade began much earlier and its growth evolved more uninterruptedly, which the difference in hotel prices brings out. Still, today the future of the tourist trade, especially as regards business journeys, seems more radiant in Singapore than in Hong-Kong, which is threatened by the approaching deadline of a total takeover by the People's Republic of China.Hong-Kong et Singapour, toutes deux cités-Etats et NPI, se sont depuis deux à trois décennies affirmées comme deux grands pôles touristiques de l'Asie du Sud-Est. Si la clientèle occidentale y reste importante, les pays asiatiques constituent le principal bassin émetteur de ces deux destinations. Singapour a connu beaucoup plus de difficultés pour équilibrer l'offre et la demande en matière de capacité d'accueil que Hong-Kong dont le décollage touristique fut plus précoce et la croissance plus régulière, ce qui explique les différences de prix des chambres. Toutefois aujourd'hui l'avenir du tourisme, notamment d'affaires, à Singapour semble plus rayonnant que celui de Hong Kong, menacé par l'échéance proche qui la rendra à la Chine Populaire.Peyrou Bruno. Le tourisme international à Hong Kong et Singapour. In: Cahiers d'outre-mer. N° 177 - 45e année, Janvier-mars 1992. pp. 41-53

Development and characterization of a 57K Single Nucleotide Polymorphism array for European sea bass

International audienc

Optimization of Genomic Selection to Improve Disease Resistance in Two Marine Fishes, the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and the Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata)

International audienceDisease outbreaks are a major threat to the aquaculture industry, and can be controlled by selective breeding. With the development of high-throughput genotyping technologies, genomic selection may become accessible even in minor species. Training population size and marker density are among the main drivers of the prediction accuracy, which both have a high impact on the cost of genomic selection. In this study, we assessed the impact of training population size as well as marker density on the prediction accuracy of disease resistance traits in European sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) and gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ). We performed a challenge to nervous necrosis virus (NNV) in two sea bass cohorts, a challenge to Vibrio harveyi in one sea bass cohort and a challenge to Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida in one sea bream cohort. Challenged individuals were genotyped on 57K–60K SNP chips. Markers were sampled to design virtual SNP chips of 1K, 3K, 6K, and 10K markers. Similarly, challenged individuals were randomly sampled to vary training population size from 50 to 800 individuals. The accuracy of genomic-based (GBLUP model) and pedigree-based estimated breeding values (EBV) (PBLUP model) was computed for each training population size using Monte-Carlo cross-validation. Genomic-based breeding values were also computed using the virtual chips to study the effect of marker density. For resistance to Viral Nervous Necrosis (VNN), as one major QTL was detected, the opportunity of marker-assisted selection was investigated by adding a QTL effect in both genomic and pedigree prediction models. As training population size increased, accuracy increased to reach values in range of 0.51–0.65 for full density chips. The accuracy could still increase with more individuals in the training population as the accuracy plateau was not reached. When using only the 6K density chip, accuracy reached at least 90% of that obtained with the full density chip. Adding the QTL effect increased the accuracy of the PBLUP model to values higher than the GBLUP model without the QTL effect. This work sets a framework for the practical implementation of genomic selection to improve the resistance to major diseases in European sea bass and gilthead sea bream

Genome-wide association studies for resistance to viral nervous necrosis in three populations of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using a novel 57k SNP array DlabChip

International audienc

Genome wide association studies revealed one strong effect QTLfor viral nervous necrosis resistance in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)

International audienc