Validation and data characteristics of methane and nitrous oxide profiles observed by MIPAS and processed with Version 4.61 algorithm

The ENVISAT validation programme for the atmospheric instruments MIPAS, SCIAMACHY and GOMOS is based on a number of balloon-borne, aircraft, satellite and ground-based correlative measurements. In particular the activities of validation scientists were coordinated by ESA within the ENVISAT Stratospheric Aircraft and Balloon Campaign or ESABC. As part of a series of similar papers on other species [this issue] and in parallel to the contribution of the individual validation teams, the present paper provides a synthesis of comparisons performed between MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles produced by the current ESA operational software (Instrument Processing Facility version 4.61 or IPF v4.61, full resolution MIPAS data covering the period 9 July 2002 to 26 March 2004) and correlative measurements obtained from balloon and aircraft experiments as well as from satellite sensors or from ground-based instruments. In the middle stratosphere, no significant bias is observed between MIPAS and correlative measurements, and MIPAS is providing a very consistent and global picture of the distribution of CH4 and N2O in this region. In average, the MIPAS CH4 values show a small positive bias in the lower stratosphere of about 5%. A similar situation is observed for N2O with a positive bias of 4%. In the lower stratosphere/upper troposphere (UT/LS) the individual used MIPAS data version 4.61 still exhibits some unphysical oscillations in individual CH4 and N2O profiles caused by the processing algorithm (with almost no regularization). Taking these problems into account, the MIPAS CH4 and N2O profiles are behaving as expected from the internal error estimation of IPF v4.61 and the estimated errors of the correlative measurements

Lithosphere rigidity by adjoint-based inversion of interseismic GPS data, application to the Western United States

International audienceWhile vertical motion induced by long-term geological loads is often used to estimate the flexural rigidity of the lithosphere, we intend to evaluate the shear rigidity of the lithosphere using horizontal motion. Our approach considers that the rigidity of the lithosphere may be defined as its resistance to horizontal tectonic lateral forces. In this case, a spatial distribution of an effective shear rigidity can be estimated from the analysis of the interseismic velocity fields. We consider the Western United States zone where weakly strained areas (e.g., the Sierra Nevada) are connected with areas of large strain rate (e.g. San Andreas Fault system). By inverting interseismic strain distribution measured by geodetic methods, we infer the effective shear rigidity of the lithosphere. The forward problem is defined using the equations of linear elasticity. The inversion relies on the minimization of the sum of a quadratic measure of the differences between measured and modelled velocity fields. The functional also includes regularization terms for the parameters of the model. The gradient of the functional with respect to the minimization parameters is computed using an adjoint formulation. This permits the treatment of large dimensional minimization problems. Finally, a measure of the uncertainty of our inversion is illustrated through the covariance matrix of the parameters at the optimum. The optimization chart is validated on two synthetic velocity distributions. Then, the effective shear rigidity variations of the Western United States are estimated using the CMM3 interseismic velocities. The inversion displays low effective rigidities along the San Andreas Fault system, the Mojave Desert and in the Eastern California Shear Zone, while rigid areas are found in the Sierra Nevada and in the South Basin and Range. Finally, we discuss the differences between our strain rate and rigidity maps with previously published results for the Western United States

Slip rates and locking depth variation along central and easternmost segments of North Anatolian Fault

International audienceWhile the kinematics of Anatolia plate and the North Anatolian Fault System (NAFS) has been studied extensively, the slip rate and locking depth along the NAFS are usually assumed constant in the analyses due to the lack of sufficient data. This is also partly due to the reasonably good fit of Euler small circle and partly due to the lack of spatial resolution of observations to determine slip rates independently from locking depths. On the other hand, recent geodetic studies show a contrast for locking depth between Marmara and other parts of the NAFS, implying a non-uniform locking depth across the NAFS. In this study, we analyse new GPS data and homogenously combine available data sets covering the eastern part of the NAFS to form the most complete data set. In particular, we incorporate the first results of Turkish Real-Time Kinematic GPS Network (CORS-TR) into our data set. A detailed analysis of three profiles within the NAFS reveals an increase of locking depth in the middle profile to 19.1 ± 3.4 km from 11.9 ± 3.5 km in the easternmost profile while the slip rate is nearly constant (20–22 mm yr−1), which implies a variation of strain rate of ∼100 nanostrain yr−1. Assuming a constant locking depth throughout whole NAFS gives an average locking depth of 14.3 ± 1.7 km. Our best estimates of slip rates in block modelling which takes the variation of locking depths into account are in the range between 22.5 and 22.8 mm yr−1 over eastern part of the NAFS

Plate rigidity inversion in southern California using interseismic GPS velocity field

This paper presents an inversion method using the interseismic velocity field to determine effective rigidity of the lithosphere. The method is based on the minimization of a cost function defined as the quadratic measure of the difference between measured and modelled velocity fields on a discrete set of points. The continuous mapping of the rigidity is fulfilled with a limited set of parameters and the forward solution is achieved using a plane stress finite element code. The computation of the cost function gradient in the parameters' space allows one to iteratively find the best parameters set through a suitable optimization algorithm.;We first design a benchmark including an abrupt rigidity variation that cannot be described by a continuous function. For such a case, we show that increasing the number of parameters is a way to accurately describe sharp variations of the rigidity map. Then, we use a dense GPS velocity field over the southwestern United States to estimate the corresponding rigidity variations for different spatial resolutions of the parameters' grid. We analyse the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with our methodology. Finally, rigidity maps obtained by our inversion method in southwestern United States and particularly across the San Andreas Fault System are reviewed and compared to current plate rigidity estimates and geophysical data over this area

Source model for the Mw 6.1, 31 March 2006, Chalan-Chulan earthquake (Iran) from InSAR

We use InSAR to measure deformation and kinematics of the Mw = 4.9 Borujerd (2005/05/03) and Mw = 6.1 Chalan-Chulan (2006/03/31) earthquakes that occurred in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt. The focal mechanism of the 2006 event is consistent with right lateral strike-slip motion and the event ruptured the Dorud-Borujerd segment of the Main Recent Fault. An Envisat interferogram spanning the 2006 event shows peak ground deformation of 9 cm in the satellite line-of-sight along a 10 km long fault portion. The interferogram spanning the 2005 earthquake is rather related to atmospheric artefact than to ground deformation. Dislocation models of the 2006 Chalan-Chulan event indicate dextral slip amounting to a maximum of 90 cm at a depth of 4 km. The predicted vertical displacements are in good agreement with differential levelling data. The 2006 event filled only a small part of the seismic gap located between large M = 7 events that occurred in 1909 and 1957

Roughness Characteristics of Oceanic Seafloor Prior to Subduction in Relation to the Seismogenic Potential of Subduction Zones

International audienceWe have developed a new approach to characterize the seafloor roughness seaward of the trenches, as a proxy for estimating the roughness of the subduction interface. We consider that abrupt elevation changes over given wavelengths play a larger role in the seismogenic behavior of the subduction interface than the amplitude of bathymetric variations alone. The new database, SubRough, provides roughness parameters at selected spatial wavelengths. Here we mainly discuss the spatial distribution of short‐ (12–20 km) and long‐wavelength (80–100 km) roughness, RSW and RLW, respectively, along 250‐km‐wide strips of seafloor seaward of the trenches. Compared with global trend, seamounts show distinct roughness signature of much larger amplitudes at both wavelengths, whereas aseismic ridges only differ from the global trend at long wavelengths. Fracture zones cannot be distinguished from the global trend, which suggests that their potential effect on rupture dynamics is not the consequence of their roughness, at least not at these wavelengths. Based on RLW amplitude, segments along subduction zones can be defined from rough to smooth. Subduction zones like the Solomons or the Ryukyus appear dominantly rough, whereas others like the Andes or Cascadia are dominantly smooth. The relative contribution of smooth versus rough areas in terms of respective lateral extents probably plays a role in multipatch rupture and thus in the final earthquake magnitude. We observe a clear correlation between high seismic coupling and relatively low roughness and conversely between low seismic coupling and relatively high seafloor roughness

Sand Textural Control on Shear-Enhanced Compaction Band Development in Poorly-Lithified Sandstone

International audienceSand textural control on SECB (shear-enhanced compaction band) formation is analyzed combining field observations, detailed material characterization and mechanical testing for poorly lithified sandstone units in Provence (France). Field observations show that SECBs are densely distributed in a coarse-grained unit with moderate porosity (27%), whereas few SECBs are developed within the overlying fine-grained, high-porosity (39%) unit. Results from textural characterization show that the main difference between the two sand units is grain size and sorting, whereas they are similar with respect to composition and grain angularity. Packing density is introduced as an important parameter for comparing the compaction properties independent of the textural variations between the two units. Compaction experiments show a slightly faster compaction of the coarse-grained sand as compared to the fine-grained sand, and more pronounced grain crushing is observed in the coarse-grained unit. The results indicate that the preferential localization of SECBs to the coarse-grained unit is controlled by a slightly denser packing of the coarse-grained material at the time of band formation together with higher stress concentrations on grain contacts. Hence, this study emphasizes that porosity alone is an insufficient parameter for predicting deformation band evolution in sand (stone)