53 research outputs found

    Synthèse, structure et propriétés viscoélastiques de polymères chargés modèles.

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    Les propriétés viscoélastiques de systèmes dispersés restent mal comprises, du fait d'une mauvaise compréhension de l'effet des interactions. Le but de l'étude est d'analyser les relations entre la structure et les propriétés de nanocomposites silice greffée/polyacrylate de butyle. Nous avons mis au point une nouvelle méthode de greffage par Polymérisation Radicalaire Contrôlée et "grafting from". Cela permet un contrôle de la masse molaire des chaînes greffées et de la densité de greffage. Nous pouvons ainsi réaliser l'étude d'un système modèle, en nous intéressant à l'influence des interactions stériques sur le comportement viscoélastique. Nous avons analysé les relations entre les interactions stériques, la fraction volumique de silice et l'organisation spatiale des charges par des mesures de diffusion de neutrons (DNPA). Ces expériences permettent de déterminer les caractéristiques microscopiques de la dispersion, elles montrent qu'il existe une transition entre les faibles fractions, où aucune corrélation entre particules n'est détectée et des fractions plus importantes (>4%) où un facteur de structure caractéristique est mesuré. Les études rhéologiques montrent que pour les faibles fractions, il existe deux relaxations: celle de la matrice et une secondaire dont nous avons déterminé l'origine. Lorsque la fraction volumique augmente, on observe le passage par un point de gel puis une transition liquide-solide pour une fraction volumique qui correspond à l'apparition du S(q) mesuré par DNPA. Au final, les particules se comportent comme des sphères dures, la transition liquide-solide est due à l'interpénétration des parties les plus extérieures des couches greffées.The linear viscoelastic properties of dispersed systems such as filled polymers are still poorly understood, because of a lack of theoretical knowledge about the role of interactions between particles of the dispersed phase. The aim of this work is to investigate the structure/properties relationship of polybutylacrylate filled with grafted silica particles. The method used to synthesize the silica grafted particles (coupling between techniques of grafting from and controlled radical polymerization ) allows to vary the length, density and molecular topology of the grafted polybutylacrylate layer. We are thus able to study model filled polymers, and more particularly the influence of steric interactions between particles on the linear viscoelastic behavior. We first investigated the link between steric interactions, volume fraction of silica, and the spatial organization of the particles in the matrix. SANS experiments clearly show a transition between low volume fractions, were no correlations between individual particles can be detected, and high volume fractions (4%), were a structure factor is measured, showing a spatial organization of the particles. We correlated these results to spectromechanic experiments on the same systems. We show a liquid-to-solid transition for volume fractions of the same order of magnitude as the one measured by SANS. This study on a model filled polymer shows that there are only steric interactions in this system. Particles have a hard sphère behavior and the liquide-solide transition is due to the interpenetrating of grafted polymer extern part.PAU-BU Sciences (644452103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Étude, en hyperfréquences, des phénomènes diélectriques précédant les ruptures de surfusion et de sursaturation des solutions aqueuses de NH

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    On a mesuré, à 10 GHz, les variations de la permittivité réelle ԑ' d’émulsions de solutions aqueuses surfondues ou sursaturées de NH4Cl en fonction de la température T. Les courbes obtenues présentent des discontinuités de dԑ'/dT qui traduiraient des « transitions à l’état liquide » à des températures qui, en fonction de la fraction molaire en sel de la solution dispersée, définissent deux réseaux de courbes. L’analyse de ces courbes et l’application des équations d’équilibre thermodynamique des germes de glace et de sel susceptibles d’entraîner la rupture de la surfusion et celle de la sursaturation, montrent que les rayons de ces derniers pourraient être proportionnels aux mêmes nombres entiers n

    Étude expérimentale de la relation entre rhéologie et structure de copolymères à blocs à base d acrylate. (Apport pour la formulation des autoadhésifs.)

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    Afin d étudier l effet de la structuration des copolymères à blocs sur leurs propriétés viscoélastiques et de proposer de nouvelles solutions de formulations autoadhésives, des copolymères di- et triblocs composés majoritairement de poly(acrylate de n-butyle) (PnBA) et de bloc(s) de polystyrène ont été synthétisés par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée. Nous avons montré que la ségrégation des blocs est difficile à obtenir de part la faible valeur du paramètre d interaction de Flory-Huggins du couple PS/PnBA. Néanmoins, quand celle-ci est effective, différentes morphologies ont pu être observées (bicontinues, cylindriques, sphériques) et dont la nature est dépendante de la masse moléculaire, de la composition et de la polymolécularité (Ip). De plus, nous avons observé que la morphologie a une influence importante sur le comportement viscoélastique de ces matériaux. En particulier, nous avons pu démontrer qu il existe des valeurs limites en termes de masses et d Ip afin que le comportement viscoélastique de ces matériaux soit adéquat pour leur utilisation dans des formulations autoadhésives. Ces limites étant difficiles à mettre en oeuvre industriellement, nous avons proposé des solutions originales pour palier à ces difficultés (substitution du PS par du PMMA, ajout d homopolymère de PnBA). De plus, l étude d une série homologue d homopolymères de PnBA a permis la modélisation de leurs propriétés rhéologiques et de celles des copolymères à blocs. Finalement, les propriétés d adhérence de formulations fabriquées à partir de ces copolymères ont été analysées et comparées à celles d une formulation commerciale en corrélation avec leurs propriétés viscoélastiques.In this work, we studied the effect of nanostructure of block copolymers on their rheological behaviour and proposed new solutions for self-adhesive formulations. Thereby, we synthesized by controlled radical polymerization di- and triblock soft copolymers composed of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) and polystyrene. The segregation of these materials is very difficult to obtain due to the low value of the PnBA/PS Flory-Huggins interaction parameter. However, when the segregation is effective, bicontinuous, cylindrical and spherical morphologies are observed depending on the molecular mass, the composition and the polydispersity index (PDI). Moreover, these morphologies greatly influence the viscoelastic behaviour of these materials. In particular, we demonstrate the existence of limit values concerning the molecular mass and the PDI of these materials in obtaining appropriate viscoelastic properties for applications in self-adhesives formulations. Given that, these limits are very difficult to achieve in an industrial context, we propose alternate solutions such as substituting the PS blocks by poly(methyl methacrylate) or adding PnBA homopolymers. In order to model the rheological behaviour of these block copolymers, a series of analogous PnBA homopolymers were prepared and studied. Finally, the adherence properties of block copolymers based formulations are analyzed and compared with those of a commercial formulation with respect to their viscoelastic properties.PAU-BU Sciences (644452103) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Rheological characterization and molecular modeling of poly(n-butyl acrylate)

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    cited By 4International audienceWe propose an exhaustive experimental characterization of a series of poly(n-butyl acrylate) samples that were synthesized by controlled radical polymerization and have different molecular weights. We focus on the rheological behavior of these polymers and propose a model of their rheological behavior using a molecular model based on the reptation concept. We report the principal rheological parameters for these homopolymers and demonstrate good agreement between model predictions and experimental dat

    Nanostructure and mechanical properties of polybutylacrylate filled by grafted silica particles

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    International audienceWe investigate the nanostructure and the linear rheological properties of polybutylacrylate (PBA) filled with Sto¨bersilica particles grafted with PBA chains. The silica volume fractions range from 1.8 to 4.7%. The nanostructure ofthese suspensions is investigated by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and we determine their spectromechanicalbehavior in the linear region. SANS measurements performed on low volume fraction composites show that the graftedsilica particles are spherical, slightly polydisperse, and do not form aggregates during the synthesis process. Thesecomposites thus constitute model filled polymers. The rheological results show that introducing grafted silica particlesin a polymer matrix results in the appearance of a secondary process at low frequency: for the lowest volume fractions,we observe a secondary relaxation that we attribute to the diffusion of the particles in the polymeric matrix. Byincreasing the silica volume fraction up to a critical value, we obtain gellike behavior at low frequency as well asthe appearance of a structure factor on the scattering intensity curves obtained by SANS. Further increasing the silicaparticle concentration leads to composites exhibiting solidlike low-frequency behavior and to an enhanced structurepeak on the SANS diagrams. This quantitative correlation between the progressive appearance of a solidlike rheologicalbehavior, on one hand, and a structure factor, on the other hand, supports the idea that the viscoelastic behavior offilled polymers is governed by the spatial organization of the fillers in the matrix

    Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Sludge and Alkaline-Pretreated Wheat Straw at Semi-Continuous Pilot Scale: Performances and Energy Assessment

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    International audienceDuring the last decade, the application of pretreatment has been investigated to enhance methane production from lignocellulosic biomass such as wheat straw (WS). Nonetheless, most of these studies were conducted in laboratory batch tests, potentially hiding instability problems or inhibition, which may fail in truly predicting full-scale reactor performance. For this purpose, the effect of an alkaline pretreatment on process performance and methane yields from WS (0.10 g NaOH g−1 WS at 90 °C for 1 h) co-digested with fresh wastewater sludge was evaluated in a pilot-scale reactor (20 L). Results showed that alkaline pretreatment resulted in better delignification (44%) and hemicellulose solubilization (62%) compared to untreated WS. Pilot-scale study showed that the alkaline pretreatment improved the methane production (261 ± 3 Nm3 CH4 t−1 VS) compared to untreated WS (201 ± 6 Nm3 CH4 t−1 VS). Stable process without any inhibition was observed and a high alkalinity was maintained in the reactor due to the NaOH used for pretreatment. The study thus confirms that alkaline pretreatment is a promising technology for full-scale application and could improve the overall economic benefits for biogas plant at 24 EUR t−1 VS treated, improve the energy recovery per unit organic matter, reduce the digestate volume and its disposal cost
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