Regulation vs. the Market: The Case of Bicycle Safety (Part II)

In this part, Professor Petty examines bicycle Risk in detail, comparing the accomplishments of the CPSC\u27s bicycle standard with market forces resulting in, e.g., the development and use of hardshell bicycle helmets. Moreover, he briefly discusses the role of tort liability in managing Risk. Ultimately he concludes that, in the case of bicycle safety, regulation has failed to be as effective as other forces tending to reduce bicycle injuries. [Part I appears at 77.

Regulation vs. the Market: The Case of Bicycle Safety (Part I)

This part of the article describes events leading to the creation of the Consumer Product Safety Commission - and the on-going debate between those who believe safety regulation is necessary and those who believe that market forces can achieve acceptable levels of Risk. The author also sets the stage for a detailed examination of bicycle Risk. In the next issue, he compares the accomplishments of the CPSC\u27s bicycle standard with, e.g., the development and use of hard-shell bicycle helmets. Moreover, he discusses the role of tort liability in managing Risk and ultimately concludes that, in the case of bicycle safety, regulation has failed to be as effective as market forces and tort litigation in reducing injuries

Covert Marketing Unmasked: A Legal and Regulatory Guide for Practices that Mask Marketing Messages

Masked marketing—one form of covert marketing—involves marketing communications that appear to be from independent third parties rather than from product marketers. This article presents a typology of masked marketing practices, illustrating whether they may be deceptive to consumers. To accomplish this, the authors apply the Federal Trade Commission’s three-part definition of deception (i.e., misleadingness, reasonable consumer, and materiality) in the evaluation of such practices. The article concludes with policy recommendations including areas for further research

Regulating Target Marketing and Other Race-Based Advertising Practices

Recognizing the significant role that advertising plays in American life, this article examines the phenomenon of race-based targeted marketing as a contributing factor to the racial tension of our media age and evaluates the role of government regulation in preventing the dissemination of racist messages through advertising. In Part I, the article first looks at the evolution of mass marketing into today\u27s standard use of targeted marketing techniques, and especially how those techniques can sometimes have racist effects. In Part II, the article discusses both measurable and esoteric harms of cultural racism. Part III examines existing laws designed to regulate advertising generally and specific laws that reach discriminatory advertising for particular products and services. Part IV specifically analyzes the Federal Trade Commission\u27s existing authority to regulate unfairness in advertising as it might be used to prevent advertising with racist effects. Finally, recognizing the difficulty of governmental intervention in the marketplace, this article suggests guidelines for use by advertisers who affirmatively wish to avoid advertising practices that cause racist harms

Novel biomarkers for risk stratification of Barrett's oesophagus associated neoplastic progression-epithelial HMGB1 expression and stromal lymphocytic phenotype

The preparation of this paper was funded in part by the Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland (intercalated degree educational studentship to R.J.P.). All data is published within this paper and within accompanying supporting files (indicated in text) and accessed via weblink on the journal site.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Antibodies against heart muscle and nuclear constituents in cardiomyopathy,

The prevalence of HAB and ANA was determined in eight patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and 35 patients with cardiomyopathy (CM). HAB was found in 88 per cent of patients with IHSS and in 17 per cent of those with CM. Antinuclear antibody was found in 63 per cent of patients with IHSS and 43 per cent of those with CM. Aging alone was not responsible for the high prevalence of ANA in the former group, but may be partly so in the latter. There was an increased tendency for women in both groups to have ANA. An increased serum concentration of IgM was also observed in women in the IHSS and CM groups. Serum concentrations of IgG and IgA, precipitating antibodies to nuclear constituents, rheumatoid factors, and a positive serologic test for syphilis were not increased in patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathy. Positivity to HAB and ANA did not remain constant and was not present frequently in sera in follow-up studies of these patients. No instance of a negative test becoming positive was recorded for either HAB or ANA. The high prevalence of ANA in patients with IHSS and CM and an increased prevalence of HAB in patients with IHSS may suggest that an autoimmune disturbance is operative in these forms of cardiomyopathy.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/34168/1/0000456.pd

Pathogenic implications of age of onset in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

An analysis of age of onset in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis was performed in the last 300 children seen in our clinic. There was a peak age of onset in girls at 1 to 3 years. Distribution of age of onset in boys was bimodal with the first peak at 2 years of age and the second at 9 years. There was no accentuation of frequency in either sex in the 10- to 14-year age group. The distribution of age of onset was bimodal in both monarticular and polyarticular onset of disease, but no particular modal age of onset was seen with systemic onset of disease. It is possible that these data reflect that JRA is not a homogeneous disease, or that there are age-sex related differences in host susceptibility or pathogenoc agents.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/37725/1/1780180309_ftp.pd

High-Throughput Next-Generation Sequencing Respiratory Viral Panel: A Diagnostic and Epidemiologic Tool for SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses

Two serious public health challenges have emerged in the current COVID-19 pandemic namely, deficits in SARS-CoV-2 variant monitoring and neglect of other co-circulating respiratory viruses. Additionally, accurate assessment of the evolution, extent, and dynamics of the outbreak is required to understand the transmission of the virus. To address these challenges, we evaluated 533 samples using a high-throughput next-generation sequencing (NGS) respiratory viral panel (RVP) that includes 40 viral pathogens. The performance metrics revealed a PPA, NPA, and accuracy of 95.98%, 85.96%, and 94.4%, respectively. The clade for pangolin lineage B that contains certain distant variants, including P4715L in ORF1ab, Q57H in ORF3a, and S84L in ORF8 covarying with the D614G spike protein mutation, were the most prevalent early in the pandemic in Georgia, USA. The isolates from the same county formed paraphyletic groups, indicating virus transmission between counties. The study demonstrates the clinical and public health utility of the NGS-RVP to identify novel variants that can provide actionable information to prevent or mitigate emerging viral threats and models that provide insights into viral transmission patterns and predict transmission/resurgence of regional outbreaks as well as providing critical information on co-circulating respiratory viruses that might be independent factors contributing to the global disease burden