Principi razvoja stočarstva u Republici Srbiji

Livestock production is an important branch of agriculture in the Republic of Serbia because it provides necessary products (milk, meat, eggs). In addition, livestock production provides raw materials for food industry and leather industry. Livestock production is expected to provide quality products for export, primarily beef and lamb. There is an opportunity for export of cheese (especially sheep and goat milk cheese) with defined origin and standard of quality. However, based on available data, the situation in livestock production is assessed as negative. In the last years, number of heads of all species of domestic animals has decreased continuously. In several years, Serbia will become member of European Union (EU). This means that livestock production should prepare for competition in the single developed market, without any state trade barriers. Serbia's membership in international organizations, liberalization of trade in livestock products, a small possibility of protection from imports, the implementation of quality standards (HACCP, ISO, Global GAP), reduced levels of domestic support, elimination of export subsidies, increase profitability and ability to be competitive on the international market. Based on these circumstances, it is necessary to build efficient livestock production that can compete in the European market contributing to the growth of farmers and national income.Stočarska proizvodnja je važna grana poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji i posmatrani istorijski, oduvek je igrala vodeću ulogu u održanju egzistencije stanovništva. Stočarstvo pruža neophodne proizvode (mleko, meso, jaja), a takođe obezbeđuje sirovine za prehrambenu industriju i industriju kože. Od stočarske proizvodnje se takođe očekuje da obezbedi kvalitetne proizvode za izvoz, pre svega govedine i jagnjetine. Priliku za izvoz imaju sir (posebno od ovčijeg i kozjeg mleka), sa definisanim poreklom i standardom kvaliteta. Međutim, na osnovu raspoloživih podataka, situacija u stočarstvu se ocenjuje kao negativna. U poslednjih nekoliko godina broj grla svih vrsta domaćih životinja kontinuirano se smanjuje. Srbija je dobila kandidaturu za članstvo u Evropskoj uniji (EU). To znači da bi stočarska proizvodnja trebala da se pripremi za konkurenciju na jedinstvenom razvijenom tržištu, bez ikakvih državnih trgovinskih barijera. Članstvo Srbije u međunarodnim organizacijama, liberalizacija trgovine stočarskih proizvoda, mala mogućnost zaštite od uvoza, implementacija standarda kvaliteta (HACCP, ISO, GLOBAL GAP), smanjeni nivo domaće podrške, eliminisanje izvoznih subvencija,rast profitabilnosti i sposobnost da budu konkurentna na međunarodnom tržištu, su još dodatni izazovi sa kojima se suočava ili će se suočiti stočarstvo Srbije. Na osnovu ovih okolnosti, neophodno je da se izgrade principi za efikasan razvoj stočarske proizvodnje, koja može da se takmiči na evropskom tržištu i doprinosi rastu poljoprivrede i nacionalnog dohotka

Techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based chp plant operation under a feed-in tariff system

This paper deals with the techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based combined heat and power production, within a current local legislation frame for the promotion of such production of energy in the Republic of Serbia. Since the legislation includes plants with electric power below 10 MW, an overview of the relevant technical characteristics for a number of appropriate gas turbines was prepared. The relevant thermodynamic parameters are calculated in order to estimate the economic feasibility of combined heat and power production using these plants. The production cost of useful heat is determined by taking into account the incomes from the sale of electricity to the electric grid under a feed-in tariff. It is compared with the production cost from an equivalent boiler for the separate production of the heat. One of the main objectives is to determine the effectiveness of the implemented legislative measures in the promotion of combined production of heat and power. Clear conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained

Optimization of the triple-pressure combined cycle power plant

The aim of this work was to develop a new system for optimization of parameters for combined cycle power plants (CCGT) with triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Thermodynamic and thermoeconomic optimizations were carried out. The objective of the thermodynamic optimization is to enhance the efficiency of the CCGT and to maximize the power production in the steam cycle (steam turbine gross power). Improvement of the efficiency of the CCGT plants is achieved through optimization of the operating parameters: temperature difference between the gas and steam (pinch point) and the steam pressure in the HRSG. The objective of the thermoeconomic optimization is to minimize the production costs per unit of the generated electricity. Defining the optimal pinch point was the first step in the optimization procedure. Then, through the developed optimization process, other optimal operating parameters (steam pressure and condenser pressure) were identified. The developed system was demonstrated for the case of a 282 MW CCGT power plant with a typical design for commercial combined cycle power plants. The optimized combined cycle was compared with the regular CCGT plant

The frequency and outcome of lip cancer in Serbian population

Aim: Lip cancer is one of the most common cancers of the head and neck region. Among all lip malignancies, squamous cell carcinoma is most common, whereas basal cell carcinoma accounts for only 1% of all lip carcinomas. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the frequency of lip lesions among Serbian population and to consider its outcome. Material and Method: The analysis encompassed 479 patients who were hospitalized at the Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery (Faculty of Dentistry, University of Belgrade) during the period 1989-2005 for the treatment of lip lesions. The following parameters were analyzed: sex, age, size and localization of the lesion, duration of hospitalization, TNM classification, histopathologic analysis, type of surgical procedure, other possible treatment, and a recurrence rate. Results: There were majority of males (78%). Average age of our patients was 63.4 years. Lesions were most often localized in the lower lip (88%), and less frequently in the upper lip (8%) or at the lip angle (4%). Average size of the lesion was 24.3 mm. Data confirmed that the 'W' excision was the most frequently used surgical procedure, and for bigger lesions, surgical reconstruction was performed by the technique suggested by Karapandzic. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the most frequent incidence of the squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: Squamous cell carcinoma of the lip generally has a favourable prognosis. Early detection is very important for its successful treatment

Techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based chp plant operation under a feed-in tariff system

This paper deals with the techno-economic analysis of gas turbine-based combined heat and power production, within a current local legislation frame for the promotion of such production of energy in the Republic of Serbia. Since the legislation includes plants with electric power below 10 MW, an overview of the relevant technical characteristics for a number of appropriate gas turbines was prepared. The relevant thermodynamic parameters are calculated in order to estimate the economic feasibility of combined heat and power production using these plants. The production cost of useful heat is determined by taking into account the incomes from the sale of electricity to the electric grid under a feed-in tariff. It is compared with the production cost from an equivalent boiler for the separate production of the heat. One of the main objectives is to determine the effectiveness of the implemented legislative measures in the promotion of combined production of heat and power. Clear conclusions were drawn based on the results obtained

Mogućnosti stočarstva Srbije - perspektiva i budućnost

The paper describes the state of the livestock production in the Republic of Serbia including preliminary results from the 2012 census: according to preliminary data, 908.990 heads of cattle, 3.403.288 pigs, 1.729.278 sheep and 235.576 goats are reared in Serbia. Structural and institutional measures, and measures of credit support should be the main instruments for achieving the goals of progress in animal husbandry. Activities in the breeding-selection work should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of international organizations (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP). One of the most important outcome of these activities should result in a level of over 80% of the total population of cattle, pigs, sheep and other species of domestic farm animals in Serbia included in the control of production performance (presently between 25 and 30%). Genetic improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs (milk, meat) is very complex. More efficient use of reproductive technologies (AI - artificial insemination and embryo transfer ET, etc.), also of methods for evaluation of breeding value of farm animals through new methods of evaluation of breeding value of cows and breeding bulls will contribute to faster genetic improvement of production traits of these species of domestic animals. New knowledge in mapping and gene transfer, marker assisted selection, in vitro embryo development, embryo cloning, sexing, etc., are improving rapidly, with new technologies being developed permanently. Breeding/improvement of cattle, sheep and pigs in through breeding - selection work should facilitate further improvement of fertility traits, growth rate, feed efficiency, carcass quality (higher percentage of muscle tissue in the body), the quality of milk and meat, resistance to disease and stress, etc.Početkom 2013. godine dobijeni su preliminarni rezultati popisa poljoprivrede u Republici Srbiji, obavljenog 2012. godine. Ukupan broj goveda je 908.990, svinja 3.403.288, ovaca 1.729.278 i koza 235.576 grla.. Povećanje konkurentnosti stočarstva Srbije se može ostvariti kreiranjem uslova za tržišno okruženje i putem investicija, kako u znanje, tako i u opremu. Zbog toga strukturne i institucionalne mere, kao i mere kreditne podrške treba da budu glavni instrumenti za ostvarenje ovog cilja. Aktivnosti u odgajivačko-selekcijskom radu treba da se sprovode u skladu sa preporukama međunarodnih organizacija (ICAR, INTERBULL, EAAP i druga). Jedan od najvažnijih rezultata ovog rada treba da prouzrokuje nivo od preko 80% ukupne populacije goveda, svinja, ovaca i ostalih vrsta domaćih životinja u Srbiji bude obuhvaćeno kontrolom proizvodnih svojstava (sada između 25 i 30%). Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja goveda u Srbiji. Genetsko unapređenje goveda (mleko,meso) je vrlo kompleksno. Efikasnije korišćenje reproduktivnih tehnologija (VO-veštačko osemenjavanje i ET-embriotransfer i dr.) i korišćenje metoda za procenu odgajivačke vrednosti domaćih životinja preko novih metoda ocene priplodnih vrednosti bikova i krava će doprineti bržem genetskom unapređenju mlečnosti krava. Nova saznanja u mapiranju i transferu gena, selekciji preko markera, in vitro razvoju embriona, seksiranju i kloniranju embriona i dr. Odgajivački ciljevi-simentalska rasa, prosečna proizvodnja mleka u standardnoj laktaciji preko 6 000 kg; Holštajn frizijska rasa u standardnoj laktaciji preko 8 000 kg. Melezi iz ukrštanja domaćih krava nižih proizvodnih sposobnosti i bikova tovnih rasa, francuskih, italijanskih, engleskih. Odgajivački ciljevi ovakvog oplemenjivačkog rada i korišćenje heterozis efekta je stvaranje takvih genotipova koji će omogućiti završnu telesnu masu meleza F1, junadi od preko 550 kg, prosečni dnevni prirast u tovu preko 1500 g, randman toplih polutki preko 60%, sadržaj mišića u trupu od preko 65%. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja ovaca u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje u cilju povećanja proizvodnje mesa treba da omogući dobijanje jagnjadi sa većim dnevnim prirastom (preko 300 g), veće završne mase tela sa 90 dana uzrasta (preko 28 kg), kao i većeg randmana trupa, više od 58%). Problem prelaska na policikličnost i oplodnju ovaca u toku cele godine obavio bi se na dva načina: genetički, korišćenjem ukrštanja rasa koje manifestuju estrus izvan normalne sezone (dorzet horn, il de france i romanovska) primenom metoda stimulacije, tj. indukcijom i sinhronizacijom estrusa.Tako bi se stvorili uslovi za primenu intenzivnog sistema jagnjenja dva jagnjenja u jednoj godini odnosno tri jagnjenja u dve godine. Sistem jagnjenja, sistem ukrštanja, selekcija i linijsko odgajivanje, zatim skraćenje post partum intervala i povećanje indeksa jagnjenja, kao i broja jagnjadi pri rođenju, rano zalučenje jagnjadi, korišćenje metode veštačkog osemenjavanja, automatskih mašina za dojenje, odgajivanje jagnjadi uspešnom zamenom za mleko i tov jagnjedi od 30 - 45 kg sa 90 do 120 dana. Status i ciljevi oplemenjivanja svinja u Srbiji. Oplemenjivanje svinja u cilju unapređenja mesnatosti preko odgajivačko-selekciojskog rada treba da omogući dalje poboljšanje osobina plodnosti, brzine porasta, iskorišćavanja hrane, kvaliteta trupa (veći procenat mišićnog tkiva u trupu), kvaliteta mesa i otpornosti svinja na bolesti i stres. Odgajivačko-selekcijskim radom neophodno je: povećati genetski potencijal postojećih mesnatih rasa i meleza svinja, raditi na stvaranju linija unutar čistih rasa primenom divergentne selekcije, kako bi se kasnije njihovim ukrštanjem ispoljivo veći heterozis efekat. Cilj selekcije treba da bude povećanje mišićnog tkiva u najvrednijim delovima trupa: but, plećka i kare. Odgajivački program u našoj zemlji predviđa ukrštanje landrasa (švedski, holandski,) i velikog jorkšira radi proizvodnje nazimica F1 generacije. One se posle toga ukrštaju sa nerastovima treće rase (terminalna rasa nerastova: hempšir, durok, pietren, nemački i belgijski landras) ili nerastovima F1 generacije. PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31053

Kako u Srbiji povećati proizvodnju junećeg, jagnjećeg i svinjskog mesa namenjenog domaćim potrebama i izvozu

The present situation in livestock production and production of meat is presented in this paper, as well as directions for future work aimed at bringing changes to this branch of economy. In the last decade, a drop in the number of animals was recorded of approx. 2 to 3% at annual level. Also, drop in production of meat was recorded from 444.000 tons (1990) to 384.000 tons (2010). In order to have planned progress in production of meat it is necessary to define more clearly breeding goals with precise determination of all economically relevant and indicator traits. In addition to growth and body development traits which have so far been in focus of selection work, for production of meat also maternal traits are important, food conversion and quantity and quality traits of carcasses and meat.Dugoročna koncepcija razvoja stočarstva treba da se temelji na efikasnosti proizvodnje mesa, preko organizovanja farmera. Za uspešno organizaciono i ekonomsko jačanje farmera važan je pravilan izbor poslovnog povezivanja. Za brdsko planinska područja naše zemlje, u kojima nema organizovanih otkupnih i prerađivačkih kapaciteta i koja su udaljena od gradskih centara, veoma interesantan oblik povezivanja će biti formiranje novih malih preradnih kapaciteta. Stabilne i unapred poznate cene za proizvode stočarstva, kao i dobro postavljeni pariteti cena garancija su za stabilno stočarstvo. Naša dosadašnja iskustva u unapređenju stočarstva i ostvareni rezultati u svetu, transfer tehnologija, sve više nas upućuju da je za brže ukupno poboljšanje stočarstva neophodna bolje organizovana i pojačana stručna i naučna infrastruktura. U Srbiji je 2010-godine i pored manjeg broja stoke proizvedeno ukupno 384.000 tona junećeg, svinjskog i jagnjećeg mesa, što je za 3,3% više nego u 2009. godini, odnosno 6,3 odsto više nego što je bila prosečna proizvodnja od 2001. do 2009. godine. U Srbiji u 2010. bila manja proizvodnja goveđeg, junećeg i telećeg mesa za 4,4 odsto i ovčijeg i jagnjećeg mesa za 7,1 odsto, dok se za 6,8 odsto više proizvodilo svinjsko. 2010-godine, u poređenju sa prosečno ostvarenom proizvodnjom u periodu od 2001. do 2009. proizvedeno je više svih vrsta mesa: svinjskog mesa za 3,1%, goveđeg i junećeg mesa za 7,5, i ovčijeg i jagnjećeg mesa za 15%. Sva domaćinstva koja se ozbiljnije bave govedarskom proizvodnjom trebalo bi u narednom periodu organizovati kao gazdinstva za tržišnu proizvodnju mleka, gazdinstva za tržišnu proizvodnju tovne junadi i gazdinstva za kombinovanu tržišnu proizvodnju mleka i junadi za klanje. Osnovnu pažnju u programima razvoja ovčarstva treba posvetiti porodičnom gazdinstvu i novim tehnologijama koje se bave intenziviranjem proizvodnje mesa, mleka i vune na farmama ovaca. Specijalizovani farmeri za meso, odnosno mleko treba da poseduju od 100-500 grla ovaca, kao i odgovarajuću infrastrukturu. Farmeri trojnog smera proizvodnje su tradicionalna domaćinstva koja drže do 20 ili 50 ovaca. Njima treba obezbediti kvalitetan priplodni materijal i svaku drugu pomoć u cilju povećanja njihove proizvodnje. Porodične farme bi u narednom desetogodišnjem periodu trebale da drže 50 a zatim do 100 krmača i tove 1000 i više tovljenika. Sve to bi moglo dovesti do povećanja proizvodnje svinjskog mesa po prosečnoj godišnjoj stopi od 2 do 2,5%. Neophodno je odabrati najbolje farme kako bi se formirali elitni, umnožavajući (reproduktivni) i proizvodni (komercijalni) zapati u piramidalnoj organizaciji proizvodnje priplodnih grla i tovljenika

Modelling, simulation and control of desalination plant with a liquid jet ejector

U radu je prikazan metod modelovanja, simulacije i upravljanja postrojenja za desalinizaciju vode. Postrojenje za desalinizaciju vode spada u klasu postrojenja koje uparavaju slanu vodu korićenjem vodeno-parnog ejektora. U cilju validacije rezultata simulacije dinamičkog modela, razvijenog u cilju upravljanja, rezultati stacionarne simulacije postrojenja su korišćeni. Dodatno razvijen je PI kontroler koji dovodi sistem do željenih stanja pri uticaju poremećaja. Linearizovani model postrojenja je verfikovan pomoću nelinearnog dinamičkog modela. Pokazano je da navedeni pristup daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate.In this paper, modelling, simulation and control of water desalination plant is presented. The desalination plant is based on vapour compression method acquired utilizing a liquid jet ejector. Nonlinear steady-state model is developed in order to verify simplified dynamic model for control purposes. Furthermore, to design PI controller capable of guiding the system through desired states under the influence of disturbances, the linearized model of the plant has been developed and verified applying the nonlinear dynamical model. It is shown that presented approach can deliver satisfying model and tracking results

Mogućnosti i izazovi održivog razvoja ovčarstva Srbije

This paper analyzes the present state of sheep farming in Serbia and provide guidance for sustainable development in the future. It also discusses the challenges of the modern age that may affect the viability of sheep production. Today in Serbia grows less than 1.5 million sheep. In terms of breed structures, most of the population makes indigenous Pramenka sheep (80%), while the remaining 20% are: Tsigai, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirot improved, Mis sheep, and other less important population, as well as the crossbreed with foreign and local domestic sheep. However, due to the intense process of industrialization, from the second half of the twentieth century until today there is a trend of depopulation, demographic discharge of the village, which has resulted in reducing the farms so that the number of sheep in the past two decades fell by about 30%. The greatest reduction in the number of sheep registered in the nineties. After stabilization, a large decrease in the number of sheep was followed by the 2010th year and by 6% compared to 2008 year. Genetical improvement is significantly increased level of production of all species of domestic animals. However, animals selected for high and efficient production are exposed to greater risk. This primarily refers to the physiological and immunological problems, but would generally be said that all this leads to distortion of harmony between the organism and the environment and the repercussions on the molecular level. Sustainable development of sheep breeding in Serbia must be kept in mind this reality. New challenges facing the sheep breeding of Serbia, stems from a political orientation toward membership in the European Union. Sheep Serbia must find its place in this new challenge.Ovaj rad analizira sadašnje stanje ovčarstva u Srbiji i daje smernice za održivi razvoj u budućnosti. On takođe raspravlja o izazovima modernog doba koji mogu uticati na održivost ovčarske proizvodnje. Srbija danas raspolaže sa nešto manje od 1,5 miliona ovaca. U pogledu rasne strukture, većinu čini pramenkalokalne autohtone ovce, dok preostalih 15- 20% su: Cigaja, Merinolandschaf, Ile de France, Pirotska oplemenjena, novo proizvedena Mis ovca, i druge manje važne populacije, kao i melezi sa inostranim rasama. Međutim, zbog intenzivnog procesa industrijalizacije, od druge polovine dvadesetog veka do danas postoji trend smanjenja seoskog stanovništva i pražnjenja sela, što je rezultiralo smanjenjem farmi, tako da je broj ovaca u poslednje dve decenije opao za oko 30%. Najveći pad broja ovaca registrovan je tokom devedesetih. Posle stabilizacije, veliki pad u broju ovaca je usledio 2010. godine za 6% u odnosu na 2008. godinu. Genetsko unapređenje je poslednjih decenija znatno povećalo nivo proizvodnje svih vrsta domaćih životinja. Međutim, životinje selekcionisane za visoku i efikasnu proizvodnju izloženi su većem riziku. Ovo se prvenstveno odnosi na fiziološke i imunološke probleme, ali bi se generalno moglo reći da je sve to dovelo do narušavanja harmonije između organizma i sredine i posledica na molekularnom nivou. Održivi razvoj ovčarstva Srbije mora imati u vidu ovu realnost. Novi izazovi sa kojima se suočava ovčarstvo Srbije, proističu i iz političke orijentacije ka članstvu u Evropskoj uniji. Zbog svih pomenutih razloga ovčarstvo Srbije mora naći svoje pravo mesto u svetlu novih izazova

Izvori proteina u obrocima za ishranu preživara

The rapid increase in human population leads to increased demand for animal protein. On the other hand, the deficit of protein feeds in the market and rising costs are the most significant obstacles facing animal production. Therefore, most researches have focused on improving the status and utilization of different protein sources in order to reduce costs and maintain optimum performance of animals. The results of our study showed that lambs of MIS population, of average body weight of 18.0 kg, fed diets with different protein sources: sunflower meal, soybean meal, fish meal, realized average daily gain: 0.169, 0.205 and 0.227 kg, respectively. Conversion of dry matter in analogue treatments was: 4.54, 3.71 and 3.30 (kg/kg of gain) and total protein (g/kg): 732, 596 and 549, respectively. It is evident that the fish meal as a protein source improves the growth and utilization of food in lambs. However, given that the European Commission has banned the use of fish meal in diets for animal nutrition, nutritionists' imperative is to investigate the possibility of using 'unconventional' sources of protein (peas, beans, lupins) in diets for ruminant nutrition. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different sources of protein in diets on production performance of ruminants.Brz porast ljudske populacije uslovljava povećanu potražnju za animalnim proteinima. Sa druge strane, deficit proteinskih hraniva na tržištu i porast troškova su najznačajnije prepreke sa kojima se suočava animalna proizvodnja. Zbog toga, većina istraživanja je usmerena na poboljšanje statusa i iskorišćavanja različitih izvora proteina, u cilju smanjenja troškova i održavanja optimalnih performansi životinja. Rezultati naših istraživanja su pokazali da su jagnjad MIS populacije, prosečne telesne mase 18,0 kg, hranjena obrocima sa različitim izvorima proteina: suncokretova sačma; sojina sačma, riblje brašno, ostvarila prosečan dnevni prirast: 0,169 : 0,205 : 0,227 kg, respektivno. Konverzija suve materije na analognim tretmanima, je iznosila: 4,54 : 3,71 : 3,30 (kg/kg prirasta) a ukupnih proteina (g/kg): 732 : 596: 549. Evidentno je da riblje brašno, kao izvor proteina, poboljšava rast i iskorišćavanje hrane kod jagnjadi. Međutim, obzirom da je Evropska komisija zabranila korišćenje ribljeg brašna u obrocima za ishranu životinja, imperativ nutricionista je ispitivanje mogućnosti korišćenja'nekonvencionalnih' izvora proteina (grašak, pasulj, lupina) u obrocima za ishranu preživara. Cilj ovog rada je da se uporede efekti različitih izvora proteina u obrocima na proizvodne performanse preživara