314 research outputs found
Gamma-Ray Burst Spectra and Light Curves as Signatures of a Relativistically Expanding Plasma
Several patterns have been discovered in how some spectral characteristics
change during the decaying phase of long (> few s.) GRB pulses. We compare
these observed signatures with those expected from a relativistically expanding
shell. Within the internal shock model and assuming a short cooling time, we
show that the angular dependence in arrival time can explain the general
characteristics of long GRB pulses. This includes the pulse shape, with a fast
rise and a slower decay, ~ (1+t/tau)^2, and the spectral evolution, which can
be described by the hardness-intensity correlation (HIC), with the intensity
being proportional to the square of the hardness. A variation of the relevant
time scales involved (the angular spreading and the dynamic) can explain the
broad, observed dispersion of the HIC index. Reasonable estimates of physical
parameters lead to situations where the HIC relation deviates from a pure power
law; features that are indeed present in the observations. Depending on the
relative values of the rise and decay times of the intrinsic light curve, the
spectral/temporal behavior, as seen by an observer, will produce hard-to-soft
or tracking pulses. The observed spectrum is a superposition of many intrinsic
spectra arriving from different parts of the shell with varying spectral
shifts. Therefore, it will be broader than the emitted spectrum and its
spectral parameters could have complex relations with the intrinsic ones.
Furthermore, we show that the softening of the low-energy power-law index, that
has been observed in some pulses, can be explained by geometric effects and
does not need to be an intrinsic behavior.Comment: To appear in ApJ, better resolution figures at
http://www.astro.su.se/~felix/research.htm
Controlling stress state of a hoisting shaft frame in the context of specific freezing process
Purpose is to obtain regularities of a stress state of such multilayer system as neighbourhood rock mass – frozen soil – hoisting shaft frame in the process of numerical analysis to control a frame state with the selection of efficient parameters; thickness depending upon a specific frozen process specifically.
Methods. Numerical analysis on the basis of a finite-element method has been implemented relying upon Pro Complex Structure CAD for Windows (SCAD) which made it possible to obtain stress state of a hoisting shaft frame and its interaction with ice-soil blocking as well as with neighbourhood rock mass soil.
Findings. Hoisting shaft model has been developed. The model is based upon actual geometry and results of laboratory studies. Three blocking types (i.e. reinforced-concrete blocks, gray cast-iron tubbings, and modified gray cast-iron tubbings) and two soil types (i.e. sand and clayish soil at +8°С temperature) in terms of different freezing temperatures (i.e. (–2, –6 and –10°С) were analyzed numerically with the use of the SCAD. Results of the research have helped identify dependences concerning formation of a stress state of the multilayer neighbourhood rock mass – frozen soil – hoisting shaft frame system while varying properties of the listed types of a frame, neighbourhood rock mass, and ice-soil blocking. Regularities of the stressed state components deepening upon the frozen soil elasticity modulus, corresponding to its certain temperature, and elasticity modulus of a hoisting shaft frame have been obtained. The regularities connect changes in the stress of a hoisting shaft blocking in the context of specific freezing process.
Originality. The obtained dependences of the stressed state of a hoisting shaft frame on the soil elasticity modulus and the material are composite spatial surfaces reflecting representatively the stressed state of such multilayer systems as neighbourhood rock mass – frozen soil – hoisting shaft frame.
Practical implications. The regularities of the stressed state, determined for such multilayer systems as neighbourhood rock mass – frozen soil – hoisting shaft frame, make it possible to control stress components selecting rational geometry of a frame and its material or temperature cycle to freeze soils while applying the specific method.Мета. Отримання в ході чисельного аналізу закономірностей зміни напруженого стану багатошарової системи “ґрунт оточуючого масиву – заморожений ґрунт – оправа шахтного стовбуру” для управління напруженим станом оправи із підбором ефективних параметрів (наприклад, товщини) в залежності від параметрів спеціального способу заморожування.
Методика. Застосовано чисельний аналіз на основі методу скінченних елементів, реалізований на базі професійного комплексу Structure CAD for Windows (SCAD), що дозволив отримати напружений стан оправи шахтного стовбуру із його взаємодією із льодоґрунтовим огородженням та ґрунтом оточуючого масиву.
Результати. Створено модель шахтного стовбура, що побудована на основі реальних геометричних розмірів і результатів лабораторних досліджень. В ході чисельного аналізу із застосуванням SCAD досліджено три типи оправи (залізобетонні блоки, тюбінги з сірого чавуну та тюбінги з модифікованого сірого чавуну), два типи ґрунтів (пісок та суглинок при температурі +8°С) при різних температурах заморожування (–2, –6 і –10°С). Результати досліджень дозволили відшукати залежності формування напруженого стану багатошарової системи “ґрунт оточуючого масиву – заморожений ґрунт – оправа шахтного стовбуру” при варіації властивостей вказаних типів оправи, ґрунту оточуючого масиву та льодоґрунтового огородження. Отримано закономірності компонент напруженого стану від модуля пружності замороженого ґрунту, що відповідає певній його температурі, та модуля пружності оправи шахтного стовбуру. Дані закономірності пов’язують зміну напружень оправи шахтного стовбуру при спеціальному способі заморожування.
Наукова новизна. Отримані залежності компонент напруженого стану оправи шахтного стовбуру від модулю пружності ґрунту та матеріалу є складними просторовими поверхнями, що репрезентативно відображають напружений стан багатошарової системи “ґрунт оточуючого масиву – заморожений ґрунт – оправа шахтного стовбуру”.
Практична значимість. Закономірності напруженого стану, визначені для багатошарової системи “ґрунт оточуючого масиву – заморожений ґрунт – оправа шахтного стовбуру”, дозволяють управляти компонентами напружень, підбираючи раціональні геометричних параметри та матеріал оправи, або температуру циклу заморожування ґрунтів при застосуванні цього спеціального способу.Цель. Получение в ходе численного анализа закономерностей изменения напряженного состояния многослойной системы “ґрунт окружающего массива – замороженный грунт – оправа шахтного ствола” для управления напряженным состоянием оправы с подбором эффективных параметров (например, толщины) в зависимости от параметров специального способа замораживания.
Методика. Применен численный анализ на основе метода конечных элементов, реализованный на базе про-профессионального комплекса Structure CAD for Windows (SCAD), позволивший получить напряженное состояние оправы шахтного ствола с его взаимодействием с льодоґрунтовым ограждением и грунтом окружающего массива.
Результаты. Создана модель шахтного ствола, построенная на основе реальных геометрических размеров и результатов лабораторных исследований. В ходе численного анализа с применением SCAD исследованы три типа оправы (железобетонные блоки, тюбинги из серого чугуна и тюбинги из модифицированного серого чугуна), два типа грунтов (песок и суглинок при температуре +8°С) при различных температурах замораживания
(–2, –6 и –10°С). Результаты исследований позволили отыскать зависимости формирования напряженного состояния многослойной системы “грунт окружающего массива – замороженный грунт – оправа шахтного ствола” при вариации свойств указанных типов оправы, грунта окружающей массива и льодоґрунтового ограждения. Получены закономерности компонент напряженного состояния от модуля упругости замороженного грунта, что соответствует определенной его температуре, и модуля упругости оправы шахтного ствола. Данные закономерности связывают изменение напряжений оправы шахтного ствола при специальном способе замораживания.
Научная новизна. Полученные зависимости компонент напряженного состояния оправы шахтного ствола от модуля упругости грунта и материала являются сложными пространственными поверхностями, репрезентативно отражающие напряженное состояние многослойной системы “грунт окружающей массива – замороженный грунт – оправа шахтного ствола”.
Практическая значимость. Закономерности напряженного состояния, определенные для многослойной системы “грунт окружающей массива – замороженный грунт – оправа шахтного ствола”, позволяют управлять компонентами напряжений, подбирая рациональные геометрические параметры и материал оправы, или температуру цикла замораживания грунтов при применении этого специального способа.The results of the study were obtained in the process of implementing the state-financed research Analytical regularities of a stress-strain state of frame of hoisting shafts while specific operation performing (official registration No. 0117U006810). The authors express thanks to S.M. Likhman, Chief Engineer of Kyivmetrobud PJSC, and M.V. Bilous, Candidate of Science and Director of a Ukrheodezmark being a subsidiary company of Kyivmetrobud PJSC for their counseling as for the specific method of soil freezing and selection of rational designs of a hoisting shaft
Stochastic Acceleration of Low Energy Electrons in Plasmas with Finite Temperature
This paper extends our earlier work on the acceleration of low-energy
electrons by plasma turbulence to include the effects of finite temperature of
the plasma. We consider the resonant interaction of thermal electrons with the
whole transverse branch of plasma waves propagating along the magnetic field.
We show that our earlier published results for acceleration of low-energy
electrons can be applied to the case of finite temperature if a sufficient
level of turbulence is present. From comparison of the acceleration rate of the
thermal particles with the decay rate of the waves with which they interact, we
determine the required energy density of the waves as a fraction of the
magnetic energy density, so that a substantial fraction of the background
plasma electrons can be accelerated. The dependence of this value on the plasma
parameter alpha = omega_pe / Omega_e (the ratio of electron plasma frequency to
electron gyrofrequency), plasma temperature, and turbulence spectral parameters
is quantified. We show that the result is most sensitive to the plasma
parameter alpha. We estimate the required level of total turbulence by
calculating the level of turbulence required for the initial acceleration of
thermal electrons and that required for further acceleration to higher
energies
New and Old Tests of Cosmological Models and Evolution of Galaxies
We describe the classical cosmological tests, such as the Log-Log,
redshift-magnitude and angular diameter tests, and propose some new tests of
the evolution of galaxies and the universe. Most analyses of these tests treat
the problem in terms of a luminosity function and its evolution which can lead
to incorrect conclusions when dealing with high redshift sources. We develop a
proper treatment in three parts. In the first part we describe these tests
based on the isophotal values of the quantities such as flux, size or surface
brightness. We show the shortcomings of the simple point source approximation
based solely on the luminosity function and consideration of the flux limit. We
emphasize the multivariate nature of the problem and quantify the effects of
other selection biases due to the surface brightness and angular size
limitations. In these considerations the surface brightness profile plays a
critical role. In the second part we show that considerable simplification over
the complicated isophotal scheme is achieved if these test are carried out in
some sort of metric scheme, for example that suggested by Petrosian (1976).
This scheme, however, is limited to well resolved sources. Finally, we describe
the new tests, which use the data to a fuller extent than the isophotal or
metric based tests, and amount to simply counting the pixels or adding their
intensities as a function of the pixel surface brightness, instead of dealing
with surface brightness, sizes and fluxes of individual galaxies. We show that
the data analysis and its comparison with the theoretical models of the
distributions and evolution of galaxies has the simplicity of the metric test
and utilizes the data more fully than the isophotal test.Comment: 29 pages including 8 figures.
http://www-bigbang.stanford.edu/~vahe/papers/finals/newtest.ps. To appear in
ApJ, Oct. 199
INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION AS A COMPETITIVE FORCE OF «ELENA FURS» FACTORY
The purpose of the article consists in the choice of the approach to the assessment of the innovative potential of the organization, since the quality of the assessment of innovation potential becomes the basis of the strategy of innovation transformation. Each approach is tested on the example of the fur factory «Elena Furs» and the feasibility and validity of the assessment of the innovative potential of the organization is checked. The article contains calculations confirming the availability of innovative capacity in the organization, but the use of these approaches did not allow us to identify specific areas for its development. The estimation of innovative potential from positions of competitive force in the external environment is offered that will allow to compare innovative potential with potential of participants of an environment and to develop strategic directions of development of innovative potential in the field of new technologies of production, marketing, personnel management, etc
INNOVATIVE POTENTIAL OF THE ORGANIZATION AS A COMPETITIVE FORCE OF «ELENA FURS» FACTORY
The purpose of the article consists in the choice of the approach to the assessment of the innovative potential of the organization, since the quality of the assessment of innovation potential becomes the basis of the strategy of innovation transformation. Each approach is tested on the example of the fur factory «Elena Furs» and the feasibility and validity of the assessment of the innovative potential of the organization is checked. The article contains calculations confirming the availability of innovative capacity in the organization, but the use of these approaches did not allow us to identify specific areas for its development. The estimation of innovative potential from positions of competitive force in the external environment is offered that will allow to compare innovative potential with potential of participants of an environment and to develop strategic directions of development of innovative potential in the field of new technologies of production, marketing, personnel management, etc
Five supernova survey galaxies in the southern hemisphere. II. The supernova rates
Based on the database compiled in the first article of this series, with 56
SN events discovered in 3838 galaxies of the southern hemisphere, we compute
the rate of supernovae (SNe) of different types along the Hubble sequence
normalized to the optical and near-infrared luminosities as well as to the
stellar mass of the galaxies. We find that the rates of all SN types show a
dependence on both morphology and colors of the galaxies, and therefore, on the
star-formation activity. The rate of core-collapse (CC) SNe is confirmed to be
closely related to the Star Formation Rate (SFR) and only indirectly to the
total mass of the galaxies. The rate of SNe Ia can be explained by assuming
that at least 15% of Ia events in spiral galaxies originates in relatively
young stellar populations. We find that the rates show no modulation with
nuclear activity or environment. The ratio of SN rates between types Ib/c and
II shows no trend with spiral type.Comment: 13 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables, published in Astrophysics (English
translation of Astrofizika
Five supernova survey galaxies in the southern hemisphere. I. Optical and near-infrared database
The determination of the supernova (SN) rate is based not only on the number
of detected events, but also on the properties of the parent galaxy population.
This is the first paper of a series aimed at obtaining new, refined, SN rates
from a set of five SN surveys, by making use of a joint analysis of
near-infrared (NIR) data. We describe the properties of the 3838 galaxies that
were monitored for SNe events, including newly determined morphologies and
their DENIS and POSS-II/UKST I, 2MASS and DENIS J and Ks and 2MASS H
magnitudes. We have compared 2MASS, DENIS and POSS-II/UKST IJK magnitudes in
order to find possible systematic photometric shifts in the measurements. The
DENIS and POSS-II/UKST I band magnitudes show large discrepancies (mean
absolute difference of 0.4 mag), mostly due to different spectral responses of
the two instruments, with an important contribution (0.33 mag rms) from the
large uncertainties in the photometric calibration of the POSS-II and UKST
photographic plates. In the other wavebands, the limiting near infrared
magnitude, morphology and inclination of the galaxies are the most influential
factors which affect the determination of photometry of the galaxies.
Nevertheless, no significant systematic differences have been found between of
any pair of NIR magnitude measurements, except for a few percent of galaxies
showing large discrepancies. This allows us to combine DENIS and 2MASS data for
the J and Ks filters.Comment: 17 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables, published in Astrophysics, Vol. 52,
No. 1, 2009 (English translation of Astrofizika
- …