Perbedaan Fungsi-Fungsi Public Relations Dalam Sosialisasi Pemilihan Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) “Kasus Di KPUD YOGYAKARTA Dan KPUD Bantulâ€

This research attempts to analyze the differences of Public Relations (PR) function in local election (Pilkada). Pilkada is a democratic process in Indonesia. Government needs big participation of society, as one successful point of pilkada is participation of society. Effort to bring public politics participation cannot be separate from politics socialization process. Socialization process is public attitude establishment and politics orientation process. Pilkada socialization carried out by KPUD (Komisi Pemilihan Umum Daerah) as executor. To make an effective socialization to public, KPUD needs to use specific function called Public Relation. Communication activity between organization and its public divided into some part of PR function, including publicity, advertising, press agentry, lobbying, issue management, investor relation and public affair. Basically, implementation of PR function in the process of PILKADA may be different in each region. It becomes the reason why author want to compare KPUD Yogyakarta and Bantul. Governance system differences among both regions would affect in government’s socialization policy. Those differences depend on population, social classes, demographic condition and personal motivation. It is also effecting in PR function held by government, as in media and in society as target operatio

Influence of Intracellular Nitrogen Status and Dynamic Control of Central Metabolism in the Plant Symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti

Sinorhizobium meliloti is a soil bacterium capable of forming an intracellular symbiosis with temperate legumes. During symbiosis S. meliloti will fix atmospheric nitrogen, which it provides to its host plant. In return for fixed nitrogen, the plant provides its microsymbiont with carbon in the form of C4-dicarboxylates. Unlike most model organisms, S. meliloti prioritizes catabolism of succinate, a phenomenon referred to as succinate-mediated catabolite repression (SMCR). SMCR is controlled by an incomplete phosphotransferase system (PTS), which, unlike carbohydrate-type PTS, is a regulatory system that is not involved in sugar transport. This work uses a biochemical approach to elucidate the signals involved in regulating PTS activity. Biochemical characterization of S. meliloti EINtr revealed that the enzyme is inhibited by glutamine, a major signal of nitrogen availability in proteobacteria. EINtr detects glutamine through its N-terminal GAF domain, a ubiquitous small molecule binding domain. In contrast to E. coli EINtr, the S. meliloti enzyme is not activated by a-ketoglutarate. The differences in EINtrregulation likely reflect the preferred carbon source of each organism, with glucose entering central metabolism through glycolysis and succinate entering through the TCA cycle, sharing a metabolic pathway with a-ketoglutarate. Phosphorylated HPr-His in S. meliloti is much less stable than E. coli P~His-HPr, and this instability is due to an arginine residue that is conserved within a-proteobacteria that only contain an incomplete PTS. Rapid phosphohydrolysis of P~His-HPr in the a-proteobacteria may be act to remove phosphate from the system to avoid oversaturation, a problem that is not faced by sugar-phosphorylating PTS. The work presented here sheds light on how the PTS of S. meliloti integrates carbon, nitrogen, and energy levels within the cell in order to regulate SMCR

Effects of environmental characteristics upon the number of adventitious buds and shoots.

<p>Effects of individual predictors (major columns) were assessed separately for intact plants, injured plants, and for the difference between injured and intact plants (as an interaction). For the intact and injured plants, the response of plant height to increasing values of a predictor is presented graphically using up and down arrows, with the symbol indicating a significant interaction term further characterized in the text. The test statistic is a likelihood ratio to be compared with a χ² distribution with two degrees of freedom. Type I error estimate (significance) is shown in parentheses for values below 0.1 (with others shown as NS), and the results shown in <i>corrected</i> rows represent models incorporating phylogenetic correction.</p

Effects of environmental characteristics upon the number of axillary branches.

<p>Effects of individual predictors (major columns) were assessed separately for intact plants, injured plants, and for the difference between injured and intact plants (as an interaction). For the intact and injured plants, the response of plant height to increasing values of a predictor is presented graphically using up and down arrows, with the symbol indicating a significant interaction term further characterized in the text. The test statistic is a likelihood ratio to be compared with a χ² distribution with two degrees of freedom. Type I error estimate (significance) is shown in parentheses for values below 0.1, with others shown as NS.</p

Effects of disturbance severity upon numbers of axillary branches and adventitious buds and shoots.

<p>The responses of the numbers of axillary branches and buds and shoots to increasing severity of disturbance are presented graphically using up and down arrows. The test statistic is a likelihood ratio to be compared with a χ² distribution with one degree of freedom. Type I error estimate (significance) is shown in parentheses and the result shown in <i>corrected</i> row represents a model incorporating phylogenetic correction. The number of axillary branches character does not require correction, as it lacks phylogenetic signal (see Methods).</p

Results of LMMs testing grooming rate and grooming time and their relationship to kinship, rank distance, relative rank, friendship, grooming received, co-provisioning, aggression received and season among females with low rank distance.

<p>Variables with values in bold had significant effect on grooming rate or grooming time based on CI.</p><p>Results of LMMs testing grooming rate and grooming time and their relationship to kinship, rank distance, relative rank, friendship, grooming received, co-provisioning, aggression received and season among females with low rank distance.</p

Potential Bud Bank Responses to Apical Meristem Damage and Environmental Variables: Matching or Complementing Axillary Meristems?

<div><p>Soil nutrients, dormant axillary meristem availability, and competition can influence plant tolerance to damage. However, the role of potential bud banks (adventitious meristems initiated only after injury) is not known. Examining Central European field populations of 22 species of short-lived monocarpic herbs exposed to various sources of damage, we hypothesized that: (1) with increasing injury severity, the number of axillary branches would decrease, due to axillary meristem limitation, whereas the number of adventitious shoots (typically induced by severe injury) would increase; (2) favorable environmental conditions would allow intact plants to branch more, resulting in stronger axillary meristem limitation than in unfavorable conditions; and (3) consequently, adventitious sprouting would be better enabled in favorable than unfavorable conditions. We found strong support for the first hypothesis, only limited support for the second, and none for the third. Our results imply that whereas soil nutrients and competition marginally influence plant tolerance to damage, potential bud banks enable plants to overcome meristem limitation from severe damage, and therefore better tolerate it. All the significant effects were found in intraspecific comparisons, whereas interspecific differences were not found. Monocarpic plants with potential bud banks therefore represent a distinct strategy occupying a narrow environmental niche. The disturbance regime typical for this niche remains to be examined, as do the costs associated with the banks of adventitious and axillary reserve meristems.</p></div

Whom to Groom and for What? Patterns of Grooming in Female Barbary Macaques <i>(Macaca sylvanus)</i>

<div><p>Grooming is one of the most conspicuous social interactions among nonhuman primates. The selection of grooming partners can provide important clues about factors relevant for the distribution of grooming within a social group. We analyzed grooming behavior among 17 semi-free ranging female Barbary macaques (<i>Macaca sylvanus</i>). We tested whether grooming is related to kinship, rank and friendship. Furthermore, we tested whether grooming is reciprocated or exchanged for rank related benefits (i.e. lower aggression and increased tolerance whilst feeding). We found that in general grooming was reciprocally exchanged, directed up the hierarchy and at the same time affected by friendship and kinship. Grooming was more frequent among individuals with higher friendship values as well as amongst related individuals. We also divided our data set on the basis of rank difference and tested if different power asymmetries between individuals affected the tendency to exchange grooming for rank related benefits and grooming reciprocation. In support of our initial hypothesis our results show that the reciprocation of grooming was a significant predictor of grooming interactions between individuals of similar rank, but not between those individuals more distantly separated in the social hierarchy. However, we did not find any evidence for grooming being exchanged for rank related benefits in either data set. Our results, together with previously published studies, illustrate the behavioral flexibility of macaques. It is clear that multiple studies of the same species are necessary to gather the data required for the solid comparative studies needed to shed light on patterns of grooming behavior in primates.</p></div

Additional file 5: of Mate choice for major histocompatibility complex complementarity in a strictly monogamous bird, the grey partridge (Perdix perdix)

Descriptive statistics of morphological characteristics in paired and unpaired grey partridge males. (DOC 34 kb