Laser flash photolysis study of the photoinduced oxidation of 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN)

Aromatic amines are aquatic contaminants for which phototransformation in surface waters can be induced by excited triplet states of dissolved organic matter ((DOM)-D-3*). The first reaction step is assumed to consist of a one-electron oxidation process of the amine to produce its radical cation. In this paper, we present laser flash photolysis investigations aimed at characterizing the photoinduced, aqueous phase one-electron oxidation of 4-(dimethylamino) benzonitrile (DMABN) as a representative of this contaminant class. The production of the radical cation of DMABN (DMABN(center dot+)) after direct photoexcitation of DMABN at 266 nm was confirmed in accord with previous experimental results. Moreover, DMABN(center dot+) was shown to be produced from the reactions of several excited triplet photosensitizers (carbonyl compounds) with DMABN. Second-order rate constants for the quenching of the excited triplet states by DMABN were determined to fall in the range of 3 x 10(7)-5 x 10(9) M-1 s(-1), and their variation was interpreted in terms of electron transfer theory using a Rehm-Weller relationship. The decay kinetics of DMABN(-+) in the presence of oxygen was dominated by a second-order component attributed to its reaction with the superoxide radical anion (O-2(center dot-)). The first-order rate constant for the transformation of DMABN(center dot+) leading to photodegradation of DMABN was estimated not to exceed approximate to 5 x 10(3) s(-1)

Cyanine Phototruncation Enables Cell Labeling with Spatiotemporal Control

Photoconvertible tracking strategies examine the dynamic migration of various cell populations. Here we develop phototruncation-assisted cell tracking (PACT) and apply it to evaluate the migration of immune cells into tumor-draining lymphatics. This approach is enabled by a recently discovered cyanine photoconversion reaction that leads to the two-carbon truncation and consequent blue-shift of these commonly used probes. By examining substituent effects on the heptamethine cyanine chromophore, we find that introduction of a single methoxy group increases the yield of the phototruncation reaction in neutral buffer by almost 8-fold. The resulting cell-tracking probes are applied in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, including quantitative, time-dependent measurements of the migra-tion of immune cells from tumors to tumor-draining lymph nodes. Unlike previously reported cellular photoconversion approaches, this method does not require genetic engineer-ing. Overall, PACT provides a straightforward approach to labeling cell populations with precise spatiotemporal con-trol