UERE Analysis for Static Single Frequency Positioning Using Data of IGS Stations

This work analyses the measurements of major errors (ephemeris error, satellite clock error, ionosphere error, troposphere error, multipath and receiver noise error), their correlation laws and their amplitude function depending on time and elevation angle for a static single frequency positioning receiver. The objective is double, first to give a better comprehension of the law of behaviour of error sources in a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and second to provide a measurement method of the User Equivalent Range Error (UERE)

An integrated mathematical model of synaptic plasticity induction by postsynaptic Ca²⁺ influx through the interactions of AMPA and NMDA receptors

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR) dependent Long-Term Potentiation and Depression (LTP and LTD) are widely studied forms of synaptic plasticity and are believed to be crucial mechanisms related to memory formation. In CA1 of the hippocampus, Ca2+ influx in the postsynaptic spine, triggered by glutamate stimulation of the synapse through a complex process involving NMDARs and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), is a key component of both LTP and LTD inductions. Postsynaptic Ca2+ activates calmodulin (CaM), which triggers a signalling pathway leading to LTD or LTP if the synapse is stimulated by the low- or high-frequency signals, respectively. In this study, we develop an integrated mathematical model, using the frequency of the glutamate stimulation as the input, to explain the Ca2+ dynamics as a result of the interaction of AMPAR and NMDAR and the subsequent Ca2+-dependent activation of CaM. We discuss the development of the model and the linkage between a few model components, including receptor dynamics, Ca2+ dynamics, and CaM activation, through an electrophysical model of the postsynaptic membrane. Using this model, we investigate the receptor behaviours and Ca2+ patterns following low- and high- frequency stimulations. The levels of the CaM activation as the result of the distinct Ca2+ patterns may explain the frequency dependence of LTD/LTP inductions

Effects of monocerin on cell cycle progression in maize root meristems synchronized with aphidicolin

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Effectiveness of wafer level test for electromigration wear out reporting in advanced CMOS interconnects reliability assessment

International audienceElectromigration (EM) copper lines reliability is assessed through standard wafer level (WL) and PL (PL) test in the present work. Since these tests are highly accelerated, one of the main questions as in all reliability studies is the effectiveness of reporting failure phenomena as they occur under use conditions. WL is known to have been intensively used for fast EM process monitoring on high volumes with elevated stress conditions. On the other hand, the PL test having less aggressive stress conditions is used in a process qualification scheme. We use the later in this study as a reference to evaluate WL test results through various processes. Thus, the present paper deals with the ability of WL in comparison to PL to effectively report reliability performances variations for different Cu lines process modifications. Results from WL reliability and PL reliability are compared in terms of lifetime variations and standard deviation evolution. Only limited correlation is found, suggesting that the failure mechanisms acting for both methods are not the same. Moreover, the results of this study highlight the need of defining new reliable EM testing structures and methods compatible with high volumes monitoring. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Electromigration degradation mechanism analysis of SnAgCu interconnects for eWLB package

ISBN 978-1-4577-1678-2International audiencehis paper focuses on electromigration of SnAgCu interconnects of Fanout embedded Wafer Level Ball Grid Array (FO-eWLB) technology. Black's parameters are analyzed regarding stage of degradation through approaches based on resistance slope modeling and on Failure Criterion (FC)

Activation of kerosene soot to cloud condensation nuclei when exposed to OH, O3 and SO2

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Ten Year Experience of Using Cryopreserved Arterial Allografts for Distal Bypass in Critical Limb Ischaemia.

In critical limb ischaemia (CLI), current guidelines recommend revascularisation whenever possible, preferentially through endovascular means. However, in the case of long occlusions or failed endovascular attempts, distal bypasses still have a place. Single segment great saphenous vein (GSV), which provides the best conduit, is often not available and currently there is no consensus about the best alternative graft. From January 2006 to December 2015, 42 cryopreserved arterial allografts were used for a distal bypass. Autologous GSVs or alternative autologous conduits were unavailable for all patients. The patients were observed for survival, limb salvage, and allograft patency. The results were analysed with Kaplan-Meier graphs. Estimates of secondary patency at one, two and five years were 81%, 73%, and 57%, respectively. Estimates of primary patency rates at one, two and five years were 60%, 56%, and 26%, respectively. Estimates of limb salvage rates at one, two and five years were 89%, 89%, and 82%, respectively. Estimates of survival rates at one, two and five years were 92%, 76% and 34%, respectively. At 30 days, major amputations and major adverse cardiac events were one and zero, respectively. Six major amputations occurred during the long-term follow up. Despite a low primary patency rate at two years, the secondary patency of arterial allografts is acceptable for distal bypasses. This suggests that cryopreserved arterial allografts are a suitable alternative for limb saving distal bypasses in the absence of venous conduits, improving limb salvage rates and, possibly, quality of life

The influence of O3/SO2 on the hygroscopic properties of soot generated from a kerosene diffusion flame

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Estimation of the adsorption energy of aromatic compounds adsorbed on carbonaceous surfaces using two step laser mass spectrometry

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