334 research outputs found
Neighbour transitivity on codes in Hamming graphs
We consider a \emph{code} to be a subset of the vertex set of a \emph{Hamming
graph}. In this setting a \emph{neighbour} of the code is a vertex which
differs in exactly one entry from some codeword. This paper examines codes with
the property that some group of automorphisms acts transitively on the
\emph{set of neighbours} of the code. We call these codes \emph{neighbour
transitive}. We obtain sufficient conditions for a neighbour transitive group
to fix the code setwise. Moreover, we construct an infinite family of neighbour
transitive codes, with \emph{minimum distance} , where this is not
the case. That is to say, knowledge of even the complete set of code neighbours
does not determine the code
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Designing Weather Insurance Contracts for Farmers in Malawi, Tanzania and Kenya: Final Report to the Commodity Risk Management Group, ARD, World Bank
This report presents project products to the Commodity Risk Management Group of the World Bank for the development and evaluation of index insurance contracts for smallholder farmers in Malawi, Tanzania, and Kenya. The development of some products we are providing was supported at no cost by the NSF-funded Center for Research on Environmental Decisions. Index insurance is a relatively new weather risk management tool. While traditional insurance insures against crop failure, index insurance insures for a specific event or risk, such as rainfall deficits. The index insurance can be more cost effective since there is no need for in-field assessment of damage because payouts are triggered by weather data directly. Index insurance addresses two problems associated with traditional crop insurance: moral hazard (incentives for a farmer to let a crop die in order to get an insurance payout) and adverse selection (in which insurance is priced based on the risks of the entire population but only the most vulnerable farmers purchase insurance). However, index insurance only provides partial protection and is therefore only one part of a complete risk management package. It is critical that the client have a comprehensive understanding of exactly what risks are covered (and what risks are not covered) by the index product so that clients can effectively use the insurance as a part of their risk management system. Products must be transparent and completely understandable to the client or they will not be able to play their proper role
HighâPerformance Zinc Tin Oxide TFTs with Active Layers Deposited by Atomic Layer Deposition
New deposition techniques for amorphous oxide semiconductors compatible with silicon back end of line manufacturing are needed for 3D monolithic integration of thinâfilm electronics. Here, three atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes are compared for the fabrication of amorphous zinc tin oxide (ZTO) channels in bottomâgate, topâcontact nâchannel transistors. Asâdeposited ZTO films, made by ALD at 150â200 °C, exhibit semiconducting, enhancementâmode behavior with electron mobility as high as 13 cm2 Vâ1 sâ1, due to a low density of oxygenârelated defects. ZTO deposited at 200 °C using a hybrid thermalâplasma ALD process with an optimal tin composition of 21%, postâannealed at 400 °C, shows excellent performance with a record high mobility of 22.1 cm2 Vâ1 sâ1 and a subthreshold slope of 0.29 V decâ1. Increasing the deposition temperature and performing postâdeposition anneals at 300â500 °C lead to an increased density of the Xâray amorphous ZTO film, improving its electrical properties. By optimizing the ZTO active layer thickness and using a highâk gate insulator (ALD Al2O3), the transistor switching voltage is lowered, enabling electrical compatibility with silicon integrated circuits. This work opens the possibility of monolithic integration of ALD ZTOâbased thinâfilm electronics with silicon integrated circuits or onto largeâarea flexible substrates.Three atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes are investigated for the deposition of zinc tin oxide (ZTO) as the active layer in thinâfilm transistors (TFTs). With a low density of oxygen vacancies, asâdeposited films exhibit semiconducting, enhancementâmode behavior. Postâdeposition anneals result in increased film density and record high electron mobility for ALD ZTO TFTs using process temperatures within the backâendâofâline thermal budget.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156226/3/aelm202000195-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156226/2/aelm202000195.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/156226/1/aelm202000195_am.pd
Biofortification of UK food crops with selenium
Se is an essential element for animals. In man low dietary Se intakes are associated with health disorders including oxidative stress-related conditions, reduced fertility and immune functions and an increased risk of cancers. Although the reference nutrient intakes for adult females and males in the UK are 60 and 75 Îźg Se/d respectively, dietary Se intakes in the UK have declined from >60 Îźg Se/d in the 1970s to 35 Îźg Se/d in the 1990s, with a concomitant decline in human Se status. This decline in Se intake and status has been attributed primarily to the replacement of milling wheat having high levels of grain Se and grown on high-Se soils in North America with UK-sourced wheat having low levels of grain Se and grown on low-Se soils. An immediate solution to low dietary Se intake and status is to enrich UK-grown food crops using Se fertilisers (agronomic biofortification). Such a strategy has been adopted with success in Finland. It may also be possible to enrich food crops in the longer term by selecting or breeding crop varieties with enhanced Se-accumulation characteristics (genetic biofortification). The present paper will review the potential for biofortification of UK food crops with Se
Physical Activity Promotion in the Evolving Work Landscape
How and where we do our work is changing in the United States across industry, government, and non-profit sectors. This evolving landscape includes downsized office space, the reduction of corporate fitness centers, decreased daily commutes, increased hybrid or remote work environments, and experiments with the length of the work week. While some of these changes may prove transient, others will likely be permanent changes affecting the context of work. Some occupations require in-person work settings, especially in the health care, education, travel and food processing sectors. Many of these employees are experiencing burnout after prolonged overtime work and stressful pandemic-related work conditions. Accordingly, employers are turning their focus to employee health and well-being; productivity, retention, promotion; diversity, equity, and inclusion; re-thinking their corporate wellness programs; and prioritizing financial stability, work-life balance, mental health, and other health-promoting culture, systems and policy changes
Effects of Changing Work Environments on Employer Support for Physical Activity During COVID-19
COVID-19 dramatically accelerated evolving changes in the way we define the âwork environmentâ in the United States. In response to COVID-19, many employers have offered increased flexibility for where employees work, including remote (an employeeâs workstation is at home) and hybrid work (an employee works both at the employer worksite and remotely, on predetermined schedules). Accordingly, worksite physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors (SB) such as extended sitting time (ST) may have changed.1,2 However, little is known about whether these work arrangements are associated with changes in employer support for PA. Interviews were conducted to assess this gap in understanding. Because little is known about employer support for equity with respect to PA and SB, this study sought to identify potential strategies to assure equity in PA opportunities across work environments
Darwin Core: An Evolving Community-Developed Biodiversity Data Standard
Biodiversity data derive from myriad sources stored in various formats on many distinct hardware and software platforms. An essential step towards understanding global patterns of biodiversity is to provide a standardized view of these heterogeneous data sources to improve interoperability. Fundamental to this advance are definitions of common terms. This paper describes the evolution and development of Darwin Core, a data standard for publishing and integrating biodiversity information. We focus on the categories of terms that define the standard, differences between simple and relational Darwin Core, how the standard has been implemented, and the community processes that are essential for maintenance and growth of the standard. We present case-study extensions of the Darwin Core into new research communities, including metagenomics and genetic resources. We close by showing how Darwin Core records are integrated to create new knowledge products documenting species distributions and changes due to environmental perturbations
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Construction and analysis of tag single nucleotide polymorphism maps for six human-mouse orthologous candidate genes in type 1 diabetes.
BACKGROUND: One strategy to help identify susceptibility genes for complex, multifactorial diseases is to map disease loci in a representative animal model of the disorder. The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a model for human type 1 diabetes. Linkage and congenic strain analyses have identified several NOD mouse Idd (insulin dependent diabetes) loci, which have been mapped to small chromosome intervals, for which the orthologous regions in the human genome can be identified. Here, we have conducted re-sequencing and association analysis of six orthologous genes identified in NOD Idd loci: NRAMP1/SLC11A1 (orthologous to Nramp1/Slc11a1 in Idd5.2), FRAP1 (orthologous to Frap1 in Idd9.2), 4-1BB/CD137/TNFRSF9 (orthologous to 4-1bb/Cd137/Tnrfrsf9 in Idd9.3), CD101/IGSF2 (orthologous to Cd101/Igsf2 in Idd10), B2M (orthologous to B2m in Idd13) and VAV3 (orthologous to Vav3 in Idd18). RESULTS: Re-sequencing of a total of 110 kb of DNA from 32 or 96 type 1 diabetes cases yielded 220 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Sixty-five SNPs, including 54 informative tag SNPs, and a microsatellite were selected and genotyped in up to 1,632 type 1 diabetes families and 1,709 cases and 1,829 controls. CONCLUSION: None of the candidate regions showed evidence of association with type 1 diabetes (P values > 0.2), indicating that common variation in these key candidate genes does not play a major role in type 1 diabetes susceptibility in the European ancestry populations studied.RIGHTS : This article is licensed under the BioMed Central licence at http://www.biomedcentral.com/about/license which is similar to the 'Creative Commons Attribution Licence'. In brief you may : copy, distribute, and display the work; make derivative works; or make commercial use of the work - under the following conditions: the original author must be given credit; for any reuse or distribution, it must be made clear to others what the license terms of this work are
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