Asset Prices, Inflation and Monetary Control - Re-inventing Money as a Policy Tool

Low inflation on goods markets provides no reliable precondition for asset-market stability; it might even promote the emergence of bubbles because interest rates and risk premia appear to be low. A further factor driving asset demand is easy availability of credit, which in turn roots in the banking system operating in a regime of endogenous central-bank money. A comparison of Bundesbank and ECB policies suggests that credit growth can be controlled more efficiently if rising interest rates are accompanied by some liquidity squeeze that supports the spillover of a monetary restriction to capital markets. The announcement effect of a central bank Charter including the goal of financial-market stability helps to deter private agents from excessive asset trading.open-market policy; asset-price bubble; euro money market; ECB strategy

Two-Pillar Monetary Policy and Bootstrap Expectations

The paper integrates the two-pillar Phillips curve, which explains expected inflation by the money growth trend, within a simple macro model. A Taylor-like interest rule contains also a money growth target. The model takes into account serially correlated supply and money demand shocks; the latter induce goods demand shocks, thereby establishing a feedback mechanism from money to markets which is missing in the modern New Keynesian approach. Two groups of market agents are distinguished from which one derives inflation expectations from money growth trend figures whereas the other builds rational expectations by way of learning. The inspection of output and inflation variances show that a policy of reacting to excess money growth requires precise information on shock characteristics whereas inflationgap and output-gap oriented interest policies provide more robust stabilization services.

The New Keynesian Microfoundations of Macroeconomics

New Keynesian Macroeconomics (NKM) obeys to the new dogma that macroeconomics should be firmly grounded in First Principles of micro theory. Households are assumed to run an intertemporal optimization calculus with respect to leisure and consumption by making use of perfect financial markets. The supply side is organized so that full employment prevails. Macroeconomic coordination problems between saving and investment are absent. In order to make model predictions more compatible with empirical facts, NKM chooses "ad hoc" microfoundations: utility functions and market structures are designed arbitrarily to allow for persistence of macro variables. NKM's reduced hybrid macro model, with lags and expectational leads, is a useful "work horse", compatible with various micro reasoning. However, NKM's insistence on the representative agent obstructs an understanding of heterogeneous beliefs and learning.Representative Agent, Ramsey Saving, Calvo Pricing, Sticky Information, Rational Expectations, Heterogeneous Beliefs

Subprime and euro crises : should we blame the economists?

Economists in the public are accused of propagating highly professional, but unrealistic theories that mislead market agents and policy makers to place too much confidence in rational behaviour and market equilibrium. The paper analyses to what extent the US banking crisis and the euro crisis can be ascribed to fallacious assessments and recommendations on the part of economic theory. In the first case, myopic financial market theory and practice had neglected systemic repercussions of micro bank trading patterns. The euro crisis emerged from the neglect of undergraduate economic wisdom of necessary adjustment mechanisms in a currency union. Economists hopefully misinterpreted current account deficits as a sign of structural change

Integration durch Währungsunion? : der Fall der Euro-Zone

Old OCA theory recommends to unite homogenous countries so that their macroeconomic interrelations do not pose severe stabilisation problems. New OCA theory rightly criticizes the 1960s flavour of the old approach and believes in the endogenous emergence of an OCA if countries use the facilities of an integrated financial market for their catching-up. Whereas in theories of intertemporal optimisation single agents and national economies succeed to go from indebtedness to development, in EMU they were tempted live beyond their intertemporal budget constraint. Professional observers tended to tolerate high current account deficits and loss of competitiveness as temporary phenomena by relying on the Lawson Doctrine. Actually, some EMU countries could avoid insolvency only by monetising their balance of payment deficit

Macroeconomic stabilisation and bank lending : a simple workhorse model

A hybrid standard macro model is supplemented by an explicit analysis of bank lending, based on a five-position aggregative balance sheet. In the model's two versions credit supply is based on a leverage targeting rule or on simple optimisation, taking into account lending risks and funding costs. Model simulations explore consequences of supply and demand disturbances, discretionary interest rate moves, asset valuation and credit risk shocks. Besides standard Taylor policies, the paper compares the relative efficiency of additional stabilisation tools like external-funding taxes and anti-cyclical leverage regulation. Quantitative restrictions for bank activities seem to be useful

Asset prices, inflation and monetary control : re-inventing money as a policy tool

Low inflation on goods markets provides no reliable precondition for asset-market stability; it might even promote the emergence of bubbles because interest rates and risk premia appear to be low. A further factor driving asset demand is easy availability of credit, which in turn roots in the banking system operating in a regime of endogenous central-bank money. A comparison of Bundesbank and ECB policies suggests that credit growth can be controlled more efficiently if rising interest rates are accompanied by some liquidity squeeze that supports the spillover of a monetary restriction to capital markets. The announcement effect of a central bank Charter including the goal of financial-market stability helps to deter private agents from excessive asset trading

Die Währungskrisenunion : die Euro-Verschuldung der Nationalstaaten als Schwachstelle der EWU

Die Staatsschuldenkrise einiger Länder in der EWU ist letztlich doch eine Währungskrise. Nur im gemeinsamen Währungsraum war es überhaupt möglich, die Schuldaufnahme stark auszuweiten. Andererseits treten bei Zweifeln an der finanziellen Solidität von Schuldnerstaaten kumulative Instabilitätsprobleme auf, die in der internationalen Geldwirtschaft aus der Konstellation "Verschuldung in fremder Währung" bekannt sind. Die regulär nicht vorgesehene Kurspflege nationaler Schuldtitel seitens der EZB und endogene Liquiditätsengpässe im nationalen Banksystem bei einem massiven Umstieg der Anleger in Papiere mit besserer Reputation erzeugen eine durchaus rationale Insolvenzerwartung. Ironischerweise galt die Konstellation einer alleinigen Abhängigkeit der nationalen Finanzpolitik von Kreditanbietern auf dem Euro-Finanzmarkt als erwünschtes ordnungspolitisches Disziplinierungsprinzip; sie erweist sich nun als nicht tragfähig. Die Alternative sind permanente Rettungsschirme oder Euro-Bonds. In beiden Fällen wird die währungspolitisch schwache Stellung nationaler Schuldner durch implizite Zinszahlungen und Vermögensgarantien wirtschaftlich stärkerer Länder kompensiert. Die damit verbundenen Einkommens- und Vermögensverluste sind der Preis, den exportorientierte Länder wie die Bundesrepublik für die Bewahrung des Euro zahlen müssen

Two-Pillar monetary policy and bootstrap expectations

The paper integrates the two-pillar Phillips curve, which explains expected inflation by the money growth trend, within a simple macro model. A Taylor-like interest rule contains also a money growth target. The model takes into account serially correlated supply and money demand shocks; the latter induce goods demand shocks, thereby establishing a feedback mechanism from money to markets which is missing in the modern New Keynesian approach. Two groups of market agents are distinguished from which one derives inflation expectations from money growth trend figures whereas the other builds rational expectations by way of learning. The inspection of output and inflation variances show that a policy of reacting to excess money growth requires precise information on shock characteristics whereas inflationgap and output-gap oriented interest policies provide more robust stabilization services