REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF Dromiciops gliroides (MARSUPIALIA: MICROBIOTHERIIDAE) IN TEMPERATE RAINFORESTS OF SOUTHERN CHILE REPRODUCCION Y DESARROLLO DE Dromiciops gliroides (MARSUPIALIA: MICROBIOTHERIIDAE) EN EL BOSQUE TEMPLADO HUMEDO DEL SUR DE CHILE

The reproductive biology of Dromiciops gliroides is described from five females collected during spring (October, December 1984) in southern continental Chile. Developmental morphology of intra-uterine embryos (October litters) was examined by microscopic analysis and compared with morphological attributes of 8 pouched young (December litters). Intra-uterine embryos demonstrate ontogenetic features characteristic of altricial neonates, which migrate from the urogenital opening to the marsupium in order to complete the later stages of development. D. gliroides apparently is a monoestrus, seasonal breeder producing one litter per year. Maximum recorded litter size is four, with birth occurring in early spring (October). The life cycle of D. gliroides is subdivided into seven distinct periods: pair formation, intra-uterine development, parturition, intra-marsupium development, nocturnal family excursions, and juvenile independence. Phylogenetic relationships of D. gliroides to Neotropical and Autralian marsupials are considered by comparing aspects of reproductive biology and early life history characteristics<br>Se describen antecedentes de la biología reproductiva de Dromiciops gliroides provenientes del análisis de cinco hembras colectadas durante la primavera (octubre - diciembre) de 1984 en el sur de Chile. Se examinó el desarrollo morfológico de embriones intrauterinos con análisis microscópico y comparándolos con los atributos morfológicos de ocho juveniles en el marsupio (camadas de diciembre). Los embriones intrauterinos mostraron características embrionarias típicas de neonatos altriciales, quienes migran desde la apertura urogenital hasta el marsupio para completar los últimos estados del desarrollo. D. gliroides es, aparentemente, una especie monoéstrica, estacional, produciendo una camada por año. Se ha registrado un máximo de cuatro crías, con nacimientos que ocurren en la primavera temprana (octubre). El ciclo de vida de D. gliroides se divide en seis distintos períodos: (a) formación de pareja, (b) desarrollo intrauterino, (c) parición, (d) desarrollo intramarsupial, (e) excursiones familiares nocturnas, y (f) independencia juvenil. Las relaciones filogenéticas de D. gliroides con marsupiales del neotrópico y Australia son consideradas comparando aspectos de su biología reproductiva y características de su historia de vida tempran

Primary production dynamics and climate variability: Ecological consequences in semiarid Chile

Increase in rainfall variability has important consequences for organisms in arid and semiarid regions around the world. In South American and Australian deserts, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon greatly influences rainfall patterns, and therefore the dynamics of plant communities. However, the field data needed to assess the effect of climate change on vegetational patterns is difficult to obtain because of the large spatial scale required for such studies. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) characteristics allow the use of several indexes related to vegetational structure. Due to its direct relationship with primary productivity, it is possible to obtain several measures of annual productivity. These include annual plant yield, annual maximum yield, onset of 'greening-up' and senescence phases, length of the 'green' season, vegetation peak, and therefore, the periods when more or less food is available for herbivores. After verification with ground-trut

Population dynamics of two sympatric rodents in a variable environment: rainfall, resource availability, and predation

Precipitation plays an important role in the dynamics of species found in arid and semiarid environments. However, population fluctuations generally are driven by a combination of multiple factors whose relative contribution may vary through time and among species. We monitored fluctuations of species in three trophic levels for &lt;17 years at a semiarid community in north-central Chile. The region is strongly affected by the El Niño Southern Oscillation, resulting in high variation in rainfall that triggers dramatic changes in food resource availability, with strong effects on upper trophic levels. We focused our analyses on the role played by endogenous and exogenous (climatic) factors on the dynamics of two important rodent species in the community, Octodon degus and Phyllotis darwini. We documented population fluctuations of several orders of magnitude in response to wet and dry episodes of different strength and duration. P. darwini reached similar maximum densities, regardless of

Global climate change and small mammal populations in north-central Chile

Desde 1989, hemos estudiado las poblaciones de micromamíferos en un sitio semiárido en el norte de Chile, mediante un complejo de grillas de trampeo-vivo a gran escala. La exclusión selectiva de depredadores vertebrados y/o posibles competidores micromamíferos ha resultado en efectos peque-ños y/o mayormente transitorios en la dinámica de micromamiferos y en la compositión de la comunidad de plantas. Durante el período de estudio, han habido 5 eventos lluviosos o El Niño con duratión de 1 a 3 años. Los micromamíferos residentes o centrales tales como Abrothrix olivaceus, Phyllotis darwini, y Octodon degus mostraron marcadas fluctuaciones durante y posteriormente a los pulsos de lluvias. Las especies oportunistas o de residencia transitoria tales como Oligoryzomys longicaudatus y A. longipilis desaparecen del ambiente de matorral espinoso por períodos variables de tiempo. Todas las especies persisten en ambientes cercanos más mésicos asociados a lechos de arroyos secos (aguadas). Después de 3 años lluviosos consecutivos entre el 2000 y 2002, el promedio anual de precipitaciones ha aumentado en esta región, principalmente debido a una ausencia de sequías prolongadas. Bajo estas condiciones y usando un modelo cualitativo propuesto por Noy-Meir, especies de larga vida pueden llegar a ser más abundantes. Los cambios del ensamble de micromamíferos son consistentes con estas predicciones, el roedor caviomorfo con una historia de vida larga, O. degus, ahora constituye una proporción más constante de la biomasa de micromamíferos del matorral espinoso, y ha habido una reductión en la variatión de la diversidad de especies. El aumento en las lluvias, que está pronosticado como una consecuencia del cambio climático global para esta región, puede estar causando cambios en la estructura y composición del ensamble de micromamíferos, y eventualmente resultará en un ensamble más estable y menos fluctuante en el matorral espinoso. A su vez, los grupos invasores como los lagomorfos y plantas efímeras introducidas pueden intensificar su establecimiento en esta comunidad. Por lo tanto, las consecuencias a largo plazo de los cambios en los patrones de lluvias debidos a El Niño Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) con importantes teleconexiones a fenómenos de escala global, causarán aquí cambios diversos al nivel de la comunidad.Since 1989 we have monitored small mammal populations at a semiarid site in north-central Chile with a large-scale livetrapping grid complex. Selective exclusions of vertebrate predators or putative small mammal competitors, or both, have yielded relatively small or mostly transitory effects, or both, on small mammal population dynamics and plant community composition. During the study period 5 El Niohigh rainfall episodes have occurred lasting 13 years. Resident or core small mammals such as Abrothrix olivaceus, Phyllotis darwini, and Octodon degus experience dramatic fluctuations during and following rainfall pulses. Temporary resident or opportunistic species such as Oligoryzomys longicaudatus and A. longipilis disappear from the thorn scrub for varying periods of time. All species persist in more mesic nearby habitats near dry stream courses (aguadas). Since a 3-year high rainfall event in 20002002 mean annual rainfall has increased in this region, mainly due to a lack of prolonged droughts. Under these conditions, and building on a qualitative model proposed by Noy-Meir, long-lived species might become more abundant. Changes in the small mammal assemblage are consistent with these predictions; O. degus, a caviomorph rodent with a long life span, now comprises a more constant proportion of the small mammal biomass in the thorn scrub, and we have documented reduced variation in species diversity. Increased rainfall, a predicted consequence of global climate change in this region, might be leading to changes in small mammal assemblage structure and composition and ultimately will result in a more stable, less oscillatory assemblage in the thorn scrub. Additionally, invasive groups such as introduced lagomorphs and ephemeral plants might become more abundant in this community. The long-term consequences of changes in rainfall patterns due to El Nio Southern Oscillations (ENSOs), with important teleconnections to global-scale phenomena, will lead to diverse changes at the community level here.Fil: Meserve, Peter L.. University of Illinois; Estados UnidosFil: Kelt, Douglas A.. University of California; Estados UnidosFil: Previtali, Maria Andrea. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Santa Fe; Argentina. Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies; Estados UnidosFil: Milstead, W. Bryan. United States Environmental Protection Agency; Estados UnidosFil: Gutiérrez, Julio R.. Universidad de La Serena; Chil