2,768 research outputs found
Efficient Minimization of Decomposable Submodular Functions
Many combinatorial problems arising in machine learning can be reduced to the
problem of minimizing a submodular function. Submodular functions are a natural
discrete analog of convex functions, and can be minimized in strongly
polynomial time. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art algorithms for general
submodular minimization are intractable for larger problems. In this paper, we
introduce a novel subclass of submodular minimization problems that we call
decomposable. Decomposable submodular functions are those that can be
represented as sums of concave functions applied to modular functions. We
develop an algorithm, SLG, that can efficiently minimize decomposable
submodular functions with tens of thousands of variables. Our algorithm
exploits recent results in smoothed convex minimization. We apply SLG to
synthetic benchmarks and a joint classification-and-segmentation task, and show
that it outperforms the state-of-the-art general purpose submodular
minimization algorithms by several orders of magnitude.Comment: Expanded version of paper for Neural Information Processing Systems
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In vitro 14 C-glycine incorporation into protein of denervated rat muscle, effect of nandrolonedecanoate
How Does EU Enlargement Affect Social Cohesion?
The enlargement of the European Union in May 2004 by ten new member states bear increasing challenges in creating social cohesion among its citizens and regions. Social cohesion is understood here in a broad sense as a coalescence of European societies in such a way that living conditions and quality of life of its citizens converge. This paper's empirical focus is on the two core life domains that are currently taking center stage in EU policy debates: (1) employment and working conditions and (2) economic resources and social exclusion. The analyses show that the 15 former member states are converging in terms of lliving and work-ing conditions and the situation has improved in all of these countries during the 1990s. With the enlargement the situation becomes more diverse in the enlarged EU. In particular the post-socialist countries have to make great efforts to catch up with their EU counterparts. We can identify three emerging clusters of countries that share empirically very similar living stan-dards. The first, wealthy cluster consists of the old northern European member states. The second, intermediary country group contains the most well-off accession countries and the old Mediterranean member countries with a lower living standard. The third, less developed clus-ter embraces new member states that were former post-communist countries.
A new method to suppress the bias in polarized intensity
Computing polarised intensities from noisy data in Stokes U and Q suffers
from a positive bias that should be suppressed. To develop a correction method
that, when applied to maps, should provide a distribution of polarised
intensity that closely follows the signal from the source. We propose a new
method to suppress the bias by estimating the polarisation angle of the source
signal in a noisy environment with help of a modified median filter. We then
determine the polarised intensity, including the noise, by projection of the
observed values of Stokes U and Q onto the direction of this polarisation
angle. We show that our new method represents the true signal very well. If the
noise distribution in the maps of U and Q is Gaussian, then in the corrected
map of polarised intensity it is also Gaussian. Smoothing to larger Gaussian
beamsizes, to improve the signal-to-noise ratio, can be done directly with our
method in the map of the polarised intensity. Our method also works in case of
non-Gaussian noise distributions. The maps of the corrected polarised
intensities and polarisation angles are reliable even in regions with weak
signals and provide integrated flux densities and degrees of polarisation
without the cumulative effect of the bias, which especially affects faint
sources. Features at low intensity levels like 'depolarisation canals' are
smoother than in the maps using the previous methods, which has broader
implications, for example on the interpretation of interstellar turbulence.Comment: accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysic
Operator scaled Wiener bridges
We introduce operator scaled Wiener bridges by incorporating a matrix scaling
in the drift part of the SDE of a multidimensional Wiener bridge. A sufficient
condition for the bridge property of the SDE solution is derived in terms of
the eigenvalues of the scaling matrix. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of
the bridges and briefly discuss the question whether the scaling matrix
determines uniquely the law of the corresponding bridge.Comment: 21 page
The NOD3 software package: A graphical user interface-supported reduction package for single-dish radio continuum and polarisation observations
The venerable NOD2 data reduction software package for single-dish radio
continuum observations, developed for use at the 100-m Effelsberg radio
telescope, has been successfully applied over many decades. Modern computing
facilities call for a new design.
We aim to develop an interactive software tool with a graphical user
interface (GUI) for the reduction of single-dish radio continuum maps. Special
effort is given on the reduction of distortions along the scanning direction
(scanning effects) by combining maps scanned in orthogonal directions or dual-
or multiple-horn observations that need to be processed in a restoration
procedure. The package should also process polarisation data and offer the
possibility to include special tasks written by the individual user.
Based on the ideas of the NOD2 package we developed NOD3, which includes all
necessary tasks from the raw maps to the final maps in total intensity and
linear polarisation. Furthermore, plot routines and several methods for map
analysis are available. The NOD3 package is written in Python which allows to
extend the package by additional tasks. The required data format for the input
maps is FITS.
NOD3 is a sophisticated tool to process and analyse maps from single-dish
observations that are affected by 'scanning effects' due to clouds, receiver
instabilities, or radio-frequency interference (RFI). The 'basket-weaving' tool
combines orthogonally scanned maps to a final map that is almost free of
scanning effects. The new restoration tool for dual-beam observations reduces
the noise by a factor of about two compared to the NOD2 version. Combining
single-dish with interferometer data in the map plane ensures the full recovery
of the total flux density.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, Accepted for publication in A&
Biotin levels in plasma of patients with Friedreich ataxia and other spinocerebellar degenerations
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