The salt-makers of Manitoba : a study of the use of the natural saline deposits

The objective of study in archaeology was to examine the saline springs and salt flats within the Manitoba Lowlands Saline Waterbelt aa a resource for salt production. Field and archival data identified four groups of people who used the saline springs to make salt: the prehistoric Natives; the early fur traders and explorers; the Metis and the early industrialists. Although archaeological evidence for prehistoric salt-making was weak, the historic record demonstrates knowledge and use of salt

Relocation and loss of homeland, the story of the Sayisi Dene of northern Manitoba

In 1956, the Sayisi Dene residing at Little Duck Lake in northern Manitoba were relocated to Churchill. The move nearly destroyed the cultural integrity of this small band of people who were still practicing a seasonal round comparable to that of their pre-European-contact ancestors. An ethnohistorical approach was used to document the story of the relocation. The dissertation is divided into two sections. The first provides an explanation of the theoretical principles and methodologies used. As well, a general understanding of the importance of the Qaminurjak caribou population to the survival of the people is presented. Section II describes the sequence of events which led to the relocation of the Sayisi Dene from Little Duck Lake to Churchill and discusses the effects of the relocation in terms of the cumulative effects of imposed change. In 1973, the Sayisi Dene voluntarily left Churchill in order to flee the social despair caused by the relocation. Today they reside at Tadoule Lake, Manitoba and struggle to repair the damage wrought by the federal government and Indian Affairs some 40 years ago. The relocation of the Sayisi Dene is viewed as one of the most grievous errors committed by the federal government. It stripped the Sayisi Dene of a productive life and almost destroyed the very fabric of their existence

Data from: Global Spore Sampling Project: A global, standardized dataset of airborne fungal DNA

<p><span>Novel methods for sampling and characterizing biodiversity hold great promise for re-evaluating patterns of life across the planet. The sampling of airborne spores with a cyclone sampler, and the sequencing of their DNA, have been suggested as an efficient and well-calibrated tool for surveying fungal diversity across various environments. Here we present data originating from the Global Spore Sampling Project, comprising 2,768 samples collected during two years at 47 outdoor locations across the world. Each sample represents fungal DNA extracted from 24 m<sup>3</sup> of air. We applied a conservative bioinformatics pipeline that filtered out sequences that did not show strong evidence of representing a fungal species. The pipeline yielded 27,954 species-level operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Each OTU is accompanied by a probabilistic taxonomic classification, validated through comparison with expert evaluations. To examine the potential of the data for ecological analyses, we partitioned the variation in species distributions into spatial and seasonal components, showing a strong effect of the annual mean temperature on community composition.</span></p> <p><span>The database is organized in five datasets in a csv format (columns separated by commas): (1) metadata providing the location, date, and time for each sample, along with sequencing depth and other essential information (metadata.csv); (2) species-level OTU tables per sample describing the number of sequences assigned to each species (otu.table.csv 3); (3) taxonomic classification of each species-level OTU (taxonomy.csv); (4) closest matching sequences and their taxonomy for ASVs in putatively fungal pseudophyla, which are included in (2) and (3) (fungi_pseudophyla.csv); and (5) closest matching sequences and their taxonomy for ASVs in putatively non-fungal pseudophyla, which are not included in the other datasets (nonfungi_pseudophyla.csv). The first four datasets can be linked to each other using the unique sample codes and the unique identifiers for species-level OTUs. </span><span>The three first datafiles are also provided in allData.RData which can be read into R as load("allData.RData").</span></p><p>The database is generated and the results of the manuscript are created with the following pipeline:</p> <ul> <li>The files GSSP-data_v1.0.tar.gz and protaxFungi.tgz contain the bioinformatics pipeline that produces the files provided in the file bioinformatics_pipeline_outputs.zip.</li> <li>The script S1 reads the output of the bioinformatics pipeline as well as the metadata (sample_data.RData and site_data.RData) and exports the data tables described in the manuscript as an RData-file (the file allData.RData) as well as csv-files (metadata.csv, taxonomy.csv, otu.table.csv).</li> <li>The script S2 downloads GBIF data for comparison.</li> <li>The script S3 makes species-specific maps that visually compare GBIF and GSSP data.</li> <li>The script S4 performs the analytical comparison between GBIF and GSSP data.</li> <li>The script S5 shows the results of the comparison from script S4.</li> <li>The script S6 implements the HMSC-analysis that quantifies the main sources of variation in the data.</li> </ul&gt