Osetljivost Monilinia laxa (Ader. & Ruhl.) na fungicide različitog mehanizma delovanja

Sensitivity of five M. laxa isolates from mumified plum fruits to benomyl, iprodione, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole and pyrimethanil was tested. Mycellia growth inhibition on growth medium was monitored and susceptibility parameters were determined using probit analysis. The EC50 values for benomyl were the highest, ranging from 123.1 to 901.5 μg/ kg, followed by iprodione (125.9-301.4 μg/kg), trifloxystrobin (4.2-9.2 μg/kg), tebuconazole (14.2-41.8 μg/kg) and pyrimethanil (148.0-190.8 μg/kg). Natural M. laxa populations medium resistant to benomyl were established. The isolates tested showed a normal sensitivity to iprodione, trifloxystrobin, tebuconazole and pyrimethanil.Ispitivana je osetljivost pet izolata M. laxa izolovanih sa mumificiranih plodova šljive na benomil, iprodion, trifloksistrobin, tebukonazol i pirimetanil. Praćena je inhibicija porasta micelije na hranljivoj podlozi i utvrđeni su parametri osetljivosti metodom probit analize. Najveć i raspon srednjih efektivnih koncentracija bio je kod benomila (123,1-901,5 μg/kg). EC50 vrednosti za ostale fungicide bile su u intervalu: iprodion (125,9-301,4 μg/kg), trifloksistrobin (4,2-9,2 μg/kg), tebukonazol (14,2-41,8 μg/kg) i pirimetanil (148,0-190,8 μg/kg). Utvrđeno je postojanje umereno rezistentnih prirodnih populacija M. laxa na benomil. Svi ispitivani izolati ispoljili su normalnu osetljivost na iprodion, trifloksistrobin, tebukonazol i pirimetanil

Uncinula necator (Schow) Burr. - izvor inokuluma u uslovima podgoričkog vinogorja

A study series has been organized to survey the present knowledge of the pathogen and disease, as well as microclimatic conditions in Podgorica vineyards, to examine the importance of winter treatments, proper choice of fungicide and time of treatment, and to plan out vine protection under the existing conditions and protection of scions in nurseries. This one and another article focus on the source of inoculum and the pathogen infection potential. In an experiment conducted over three years (2002, 2003 and 2004), the pathogen’s infection potential was investigated. The occurrence and numbers of white shoots, and the presence, time of maturing and beginning of cleistothecium rupturing were examined on the grape varieties Chardonnay, Cardinal, Vranac, Župljanka, Carignan and Grenage. Cleistothecia were identified as the main source of inoculum in Podgorica vineyards, and they were found to appear regularly, especially on susceptible cultivars such as Župljanka (up to 124/cm2), Chardonnay (up to 90/cm2) and Cardinal (up to 95/cm2). They also appear sporadically on the cultivar Vranac but were not observed on Carignan and Grenage. Cleistothecia abundance varied depending on grape variety, conditions existing in each trial year and exact location. They were most abundant in 2001/2002, less abundant in 2003/2004 and least so in 2002/2003. The abundance was also highest on leaf undersides, somewhat lower on the upper surface of leaves and lowest on canes, but it is the latter that is most important from the epidemiological aspect. White shoots were not found on any of the grape varieties examined, nor in any trial year.Radovima u nizu sagledana su dosadašnja saznanja o patogenu i oboljenju, mikroklimatskim uslovima u podgoričkom vinogorju, ispitani su značaj zimskog tretiranja, značaj izbora fungicida i vremena njihove primene i, projektovana je zaštita vinove loze u proizvodnim uslovima i zaštita kalemova u rastilu. Ovim radom obuhvaćena su ispitivanja izvora inokuluma i infekcionog potencijala patogena. U proizvodnim uslovima, tokom tri eksperimentalne godine (2002-2004) ispitivan je infekcioni potencijal patogena. Na sortama Šardone, Kardinal, Vranac, Župljanka, Karinjon i Grenaž praćena je pojava i brojnost belih mladara, pojava, vreme sazrevanja i početak pražnjenja kleistotecija. Utvrđeno je da su kleistotecije osnovni izvor inokuluma u ovom vinogorju, da se redovno formiraju, posebno na osetljivim sortama kao što su Župljanka (do 124 po cm2), Šardone (do 90 po cm2) i Kardinal (do 95 po cm2). Povremeno se javljaju i na Vrancu, a nisu se javljale na sortama Karinjon i Grenaž. Pored sortimenta vinove loze brojnost kleistotecija varirala je zavisno od uslova u eksperimentalnim godinama, kao i od mesta njihove pojave. Najbrojnije su bile u 2001/2002. godini, manje brojne u 2003/2004. godini, a najmanje u 2002/2003. godini. Takođe, najbrojnije su bile na naličju lišća. Nešto su manje brojne na licu lišća, a najmanje brojne su na lastarima, ali je značaj kleistotecija sa lastara u epidemiologiji oboljenja najznačajniji. Beli mladari nisu utvrđeni ni na jednoj sorti vinove loze, niti u jednoj eksperimentalnoj godini

Uncinula necator (Schow) Burr. - efikasnost pojedinačnih fungicida u proizvodnim uslovima i na kalemovima

The efficacy of several fungicides based on sulphur, propiconazole, kresoxim-methyl and pyrazophos was examined under production conditions and on scions in Podgorica environs over three successive years (2002, 2003 and 2004). The experiments were conducted based on EPPO methodology (1997) and data statistically processed. Infestation with grape powdery mildew was found to be more intensive under production conditions than on scions in each year of investigation. The heaviest infestation was on the bunches and than on shoots and leaves. The most evident difference in fungicide efficacy was also found on the bunches. Kresoxim-methyl demonstrated the highest average efficacy. Propiconazole was highly effective, while the efficacy of pyrazophos and sulphur was lower, and the intensity of disease, compared to control, was very significantly lower in statistical terms.U proizvodnim uslovima i na kalemovima, na području Podgorice, tokom tri eksperimentalne godine (2002, 2003. i 2004) ispitivana je efikasnost preparata na bazi sumpora, penkonazola, kresoksim-metila i pirazofosa. Eksperimenti su izvedeni po metodama EPPO (1997), a rezultati su odgovarajuće statistički obrađeni. Utvrđeno je da se pepelnica vinove loze svake godine intenzivnije javljala u proizvodnim uslovima nego na kalemovima. Takođe, najjači napad pepelnice bio je na grozdovima, slede lastari, pa listovi. Na grozdovima je i najizraženija razlika u efikasnosti ispitivanih fungicida. Najveću prosečnu efikasnost ispoljio je kresoksim-metil. Vrlo efikasan do efikasan je bio penkonazol, a manje efikasni su bili pirazofos i sumpor, ali je i kod njih intenzitet oboljenja u poređenju sa kontrolom, takođe, bio vrlo značajno manji

Efikasnost kombinacije piraklostrobin + boskalid u suzbijanju sive truleži i plamenjače salate

In 2012, the biological effi cacy of the fungicide mixture pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Signum®, BASF ) in the control of two economically most important disease of lettuce, gray mold (B. cinerea ) and downy mildew (B. lactucae ), was tested. The experiments were conducted at the location of Belgrade (Ledine, Iceberg, salat center), and Smederevska Palanka (Experimental fi eld of the Institute of Vegetable Crops), by type of randomized block design with four replications (EPPO, 1997). Fungicide application was performed by a sprayer SOLO 423 with consumption of 400 l of water ha-1. A fungicide Signum®, (a.i. pyraclostrobin + boscalid) was applied in a dosage of 1.5 kg ha-1 and was carried out a total of four treatments of the growth stages starting when the plants had developed three leaves (BBCH 13). As the standard products at both locations the fungicide Sumilex SC 50 (a. i. procymidone), in the case of B. cinerea, and Ridomil MZ (a.i. metalaxyl + mancozeb), in the case of for downy mildew, were used. After manifesting clear distinguish between treated and untreated (control) plots, assessment of disease severity (60 plants per plot) and efficiency of fungicides were calculated. The fungicide mixture pyraclostrobin + boscalid, tested in this study, showed a high efficacy against downy mildew of lettuce, which amounted to 93.6 % (Location: Belgrade - Ledine) and 97.4 % (site: Smederevska Palanka) respectively. The effi ciency of the tested fungicide combination of suppression of gray mold was 92.5 % (location: Belgrade - Ledine) and 93.5 % (site: Smederevska Palanka), respectively.U toku 2012. godine, vršena su ispitivanja biološke efi kasnosti kombinacije fungicida piraklostrobin + boskalid (Signum®, BASF) u suzbijanju dve ekonomski najvažnije bolesti salate, sive truleži (Botrytis cinerea) i plamenjače (Bremia lactucae). Ogledi su izvedeni na lokalitetima Beograd (Ledine, Iceberg salat centar) i Smederevska Palanka (Ogledne parcele Instituta za povrtarstvo), po tipu slučajnog blok sistema u četiri ponavljanja (EPPO, 1997; EPPO, 2002). Aplikacija fungicida vršena je pomoću leđne prskalice uz utrošak vode od 400 l/ha. Ispitivani preparat Signum®, primenjen je u dozi od 1,5 kg/ha, a obavljeno je ukupno četiri tretiranja, počevši od fenofaze kada su biljke imale razvijena tri lista (BBCH 13). Kao standardni preparati za poređenje, na oba lokaliteta, korišćeni su Sumilex 50 SC (a.s. prosimidon), u slučaju B. cinerea, odnosno Ridomil gold MZ (a.s. metalaksil + mankozeb), za suzbijanje prouzrokovača plamenjače. Nakon ispoljavanja jasnih razlika između tretiranih varijanti i kontrole, ocenjen je intenzitet oboljenja (60 biljaka po jednoj parceli) i izračunata efi kasnost fungicida. Primenom ispitivane kombinacije piraklostrobin + boskalid, ostvarena je visoka efi kasnost u suzbijanju plamenjače salate koja je iznosila 93,6 % (lokalitet: Beograd-Ledine), odnosno, 97,4 % (lokalitet: Smederevska Palanka). Efi kasnost ispitivane kombinacije u suzbijanju sive truleži iznosila je 92,5 % (lokalitet: Beograd-Ledine), odnosno 93,5 % (lokalitet: Smederevska Palanka)

Uncinula necator (Schow) Burr., prouzrokovač pepelnice vinove loze - značaj, osobine i mogućnosti suzbijanja

The article is an overview of what we know at present about the pathogen Uncinula necator and the disease powdery mildew of grapevine, i.e. its economic status, inoculum source, microclimate conditions, vine susceptibility and principles of its protection. Powdery mildew is a major grapevine disease in terms of losses. It infects the plant’s green parts, reducing its fertility, spoiling the quality of grapes and wine and ruining plant vitality. The process additionally affects subsequent vegetation seasons. The disease occurs every year and its intensity depends on a number of factors. It had long been assumed that over wintering mycelium was the primary source of inoculum. More recent research, however, has revealed a crucial role of cleistothecia in many vineyards. They were found in our vine-growing regions long ago but their true role in the epidemiology of disease has been explained only recently. Microclimate conditions considerably affect the abundance and vitality of cleistothecia and the pathogen’s infection potential. Outbreaks and intensity of disease both depend on them, while vine susceptibility plays another important role, depending on cultivar and plant ontogenesis. Grapevine is most sensitive during flowering and bunch formation when conditions are generally good for the disease to appear and spread. Temperature, precipitation and relative air humidity may limit the occurrence of powdery mildew, but extreme values in that respect are a rarity. Their normal scope is more or less favorable for the disease, especially in Podgorica vineyards. Knowing the pathogen, especially its infection potential, environmental conditions, dynamics of host development and timely and good quality protection of vines, both preventive and chemical, is crucial for grapevine protection. Prevention is important but treatments with fungicides are crucial for U. necator control, and they can either focus on destroying the inoculum and delaying mildew outbreaks or on preventing primary and secondary infection and spreading of disease. Fungicides that are normally used include some old compounds (sulphur, dinocap) as well as new ones (strobilurins and hinolines), while inhibitors of ergoserol biosynthesis have an increasing role.Ovim radom učinjen je osvrt na prethodna saznanja o patogenu Uncinula necator i oboljenju pepelnica vinove loze: o ekonomskom značaju, izvoru inokuluma, mikroklimatskim uslovima, osetljivosti vinove loze i načelima njene zaštite. Pepelnica pripada grupi ekonomski najznačajnijih oboljenja vinove loze. Napada sve zelene delove biljaka i dovodi do smanjenja rodnosti, kvaliteta grožđa i vina i slabi vitalnost biljaka. To se odražava i na naredne vegetacione sezone. Javlja se svake godine, a intenzitet njene pojave zavisi od niza faktora. Dugo se smatralo da je prezimljujuća micelija osnovni izvor inokuluma. Potom je utvrđeno da kleistotecije imaju dominantnu ulogu u mnogim vinogorjima. U našim uslovima su odavno utvrđene, a njihov pravi značaj u epidemiologiji oboljenja sagledan je nedavno. Na brojnost i vitalnost kleistotecija, odnosno infekcioni potencijal patogena, značajno utiču mikroklimatski uslovi. Od njih zavise i vreme pojave i intenzitet oboljenja, koga uslovljava i osetljivost vinove loze, a ona je različita zavisno i od sortimenta i od ontogeneze biljaka. Vinova loza je najosetljivija tokom cvetanja i formiranja grozda, kada redovno postoje uslovi za pojavu i širenje oboljenja. Temperatura, padavine i relativna vlažnost vazduha mogu biti ograničavajući faktori pojave pepelnice vinove loze, ali se njihovi ekstremi vrlo retko javljaju. Najčešće su u opsegu manje ili veće pogodnosti za jaku pojavu oboljenja, posebno u podgoričkom vinogorju. U zaštiti vinove loze osnovno je poznavanje patogena, posebno njegovog infekcionog potencijala, uslova sredine i dinamike razvića domaćina, kao i blagovremeno i kvalitetno izvođenje preventivne i hemijske zaštite. Preventivne mere zaštite imaju veliki značaj, ali okosnicu suzbijanja U. necator čini primena fungicida, koja može imati za cilj uništavanje inokuluma i odlaganje pojave pepelnice i/ ili sprečavanje primarnog i sekundarnog zaražavanja i širenja oboljenja. Spektar fungicida koji se koriste sadrži stara, odavno poznata jedinjenja (sumpor, dinokap), ali i nova (strobilurini i hinolinoni), a značajnu ulogu imaju i inhibitori biosinteze ergosterola

Parametri eksploatacionog potencijala ratarskih prskalica

More and more rigorous ecologic EU regulations are placing the users of the equipment for pesticides applying in front of the large challenges. Legislation frame for pesticides and machines applying are changing continually. Because of the legal codes effects, it is necessary that mechanization used in plant protection dose precise, without any losses and with equal dispose in order to achieve the optimum success in plant protection with the minimal amount of pesticide and simultaneously protect the environment. Based on two-year experiment with sprinklers in crop production, it was established that its exploitation potential was disturb in most of the cases. Such condition can not ensure high-grade and rational chemical protection that has a consequence in lower yields and environment pollution. For those reasons, implementation of obligatory control for each machine before selling and during exploitation in certain intervals is suggested.Sve rigorozniji ekološki propisi EU postavljaju korisnike tehnike za primenu pesticida pred velike izazove. Okvirni pravni uslovi za upotrebu biljnih zaštitnih sredstava i mašina menjaju se kontinualno. Zbog dejstva zakonskih odredbi potrebno je da mašine za primenu pesticida egzaktno doziraju, aplikuju bez gubitaka i zaštitna sredstva ravnomerno raspodeljuju, kako bi se sa minimalnom dozom postigao optimalan uspeh u zaštiti bilja a istovremeno sačuvala životna sredina. Na osnovu dvogodišnjeg proveravanja ratarskih prskalica kod nas, ustanovljeno je da je u većini slučajeva narušen eksploatacioni potencijal prskalica. Takvo stanje mašine ne može da obezbedi kvalitetnu i racionalnu hemijsku zaštitu što za posledicu ima umanjenje prinosa i zagađenje životne okoline. Iz tih razloga se i kod nas predlaže uvođenje obavezne kontrole svake mašine pre puštanja u promet, kao i tokom eksploatacije u određenim vremenskim periodima

Uncinula necator (Schow) Burr., prouzrokovač pepelnice vinove loze - značaj zimskog i ranog proletnjeg tretiranja biljaka

Three preceding articles (Miladinović et al., 2007a, 2007b, 2007c) covered the state-of the art on the pathogen and disease, the source of inoculum and pathogen infection potential, and the microclimatic conditions of Pogdorica Vineyards. This segment of the study focuses on winter and early spring treatments of grape vine for its protection from Uncinula necator, the causal agent of powdery mildew. The effects of winter and early spring treatments were investigated under production conditions over a period of three experimental years (2002, 2003 and 2004). Winter treatment was conducted with products based on DNOC and copper hydroxide, and early spring with pirazophos. During the rest of the vegetation season, the same treatments were carried out in all test variants with products based on penconazole, kresoxim-methyl and sulphur, and their combinations. Winter treatment with products based on DNOC was found to lead to a significant statistical decrease in disease intensity, even without any further treatments over the vegetation season. The products based on copper hydroxide provided weaker protection. After winter treatment, early spring treatment was not found to have a significant effect. However, when winter treatment was missing, early treatment in the spring was very important, especially for the protection of bunches.U ranijim radovima (Miladinović i sar., 2007a, 2007b, 2007c) sagledana su dosadašnja saznanja o patogenu i oboljenju, izvoru inokuluma i infekcionom potencijalu patogena i mikroklimatskim uslovima u podgoričkom vinogorju. Ovim radom obuhvaćeni su zimsko i rana proletnja tretiranja vinove loze radi suzbijanja Uncinula necator, odnosno njene zaštite od pepelnice. U proizvodnim uslovima, tokom tri eksperimentalne godine (2002, 2003. i 2004), ispitivan je značaj zimskog i ranih proletnjih tretiranja. Zimsko tretiranje je obavljano preparatima na bazi DNOC ili bakaroksihlorida, a rano proletnje preparatom na bazi pirazofosa. U ostalom delu vegetacije izvedena su ista tretiranja u svim ispitivanim varijantama i to preparatima na bazi penkonazola, kresoksim-metila i sumpora i njihovih kombinacija. Utvrđeno je da se zimskim tretiranjem biljaka preparatima na bazi DNOC postiže statistički značajno smanjenje intenziteta oboljenja, čak i ako se tokom vegetacione sezone ne vrši suzbijanje pepelnice. Preparatima na bazi bakaroksihlorida postizana je slabija zaštita. Po obavljenom zimskom tretiranju rano proletnje tretiranje nema poseban značaj. Ali, ako zimsko tretiranje nije izvedeno, rano tretiranje biljaka ima veliki značaj, posebno sa stanovišta zaštite grozda

Efikasnost kombinacija nespecifičnih i fungicida iz grupe strobilurina u suzbijanju čađave pegavosti jabuke

The efficacy of several fungicide mixtures in controlling Venturia inaequalis in apple was evaluated in field trials. The efficacies of Flint Plus (trifloxystrobin + captan) and Tercel (pyraclostrobin + dithianon) in comparison with standard fungicides Zato 50-WG (trifloxystrobin) and Stroby + Delan (kresoxim-methyl + dithianon) were tested in the localities Mihajlovac, Radmilovac and Landol in 2004 and 2005. Both tested fungicides exhibited high efficacy in controlling apple scab. There were significant differences in the efficacies of Flint Plus (91.3-98.5%) and Zato 50-WG (68.2% and 78.4%); and Tercel (88.7-93.5%) and Stroby + Delan (77.9% and 82.1%). Our experiments showed that the investigated fungicide mixtures are highly effective against V. inaqeulais, even under high disease pressure.Ispitivana je efikasnost nekoliko kombinacija fungicida u suzbijanju Venturia inaequalis na jabuci u poljskim uslovima. U 2005-oj i 2006-oj godini ispitivana je efikasnost Flint Plus (trifloksistrobin + kaptan) i Tercel (piraklostrobin + ditianon) u odnosu na standardne fungicide Zato 50-WG (trifloksistrobin) i Stroby + Delan (kresoksim-methil + ditianon) na lokalitetima Mihajlovac, Radmilovac i Landol. Oba ispitivana fungicida ispoljila su visoku efikasnost u suzbijanju čađave pagavosti jabuke. Između efikasnosti Flint Plus (91.3-98.5%) i Zato 50-WG (68.2% i 78.4%), i Tercel (88.7-93.5%) i kombinacije fungicida Stroby + Delan (77.9% i 82.1%) zabeležena je statistički značajna razlika. Naši ogledi su pokazali da su ispitivane kombinacije fungicida visoko efikasne protiv V. inaequalis čak i u uslovima jake zaraze

Uncinula necator (Schow) burr., prouzrokovač pepelnice vinove loze - infekcioni potencijal i mikroklimatski uslovi

Microclimate in Podgorica vineyards and its effect on the formation, maturing and rupturing of cleistothecia, and disease outbreak, was studied. An analysis of collected data on minimum and maximum temperatures and precipitation over the periods November-April (2001/2002, 2002/2003 and 2003/2004) and April-July (2002, 2003 and 2004) and their comparison with the average values over a 50-year period, indicate that neither temperature nor precipitation act as a limiting factor for disease outbreak and development in Podgorica vineyards. Over the trial period, conditions were favorable for the formation and maturing of cleistothecia between November and April. A sum of 1100ºC mean daily temperature was reached by mid-March. From bud burst to end of vine flowering, the conditions were again nearly optimal both for ascospore release from cleistothecia and primary infection, and for secondary infection. Initial symptoms appeared on lower leaves and inflorescences. Cleistothecia appeared in all green parts of grapevine. In 2002, and 2004, conditions were favorable for a secondary infection of bunches, leaves and canes from April to mid-July. Conditions for secondary infection were less favourable in the second half of June 2003. That year was characterized by warmer weather with less rainfall, especially in June and July. In 2004, precipitation and temperature were lower than in 2002, which resulted in a slightly less severe outbreak of disease.U ovom radu su analizirani mikroklimatski uslovi u podgoričkom vinogorju i njihov značaj za formiranje, sazrevanje i pražnjenje kleistotecija, kao i za pojavu i razvoj oboljenja. Prikupljanjem i analizom podataka o minimalnim i maksimalnim temperaturama i padavinama tokom perioda novembar - april (2001/2002, 2002/2003. i 2003/2004) i perioda april - jul (2002, 2003. i 2004) i njihovim poređenjem sa pedesetogodišnjim prosekom konstatovano je da u podgoričkom vinogorju ni temperatura niti padavine nisu ograničavajući faktor za pojavu i razvoj oboljenja. Tokom trajanja ispitivanja postojali su povoljni uslovi za formiranje i sazrevanje kleistotecija u periodu od novembra do aprila. Suma srednjih dnevnih temperatura od 1100°C postiže se do polovine marta. U periodu od pucanja pupoljaka do fenofaze precvetavanja vinove loze, takođe, postojali su gotovo optimalni uslovi, kako za oslobođenje askospora iz kleistotecija i primarno zaražavanje, tako i za sekundarno zaražavanje. Prvi simptomi javljaju se na donjem lišću i na cvastima. Kleistotecije se javljaju na svim zelenim delovima vinove loze. Tokom 2002. i 2004. godine bili su povoljni uslovi za sekundarno zaražavanje grozdova, lišća i lastara, od aprila do kraja jula. I uslovi za sekundarno zaražavanje bili su manje povoljni u drugoj polovini juna 2003. godine. Ovu godinu karakterisalo je toplije vreme sa manje padavina, posebno tokom juna i jula. U 2004. godini padavine su bile slabije a temperature niže nego 2002, što je rezultiralo nešto slabijom pojavom oboljenja

Rodenticide efficacy of sodium selenite baits in laboratory conditions

We examined the acceptance and palatability of baits containing different contents of sodium selenite as a rodenticide, in Swiss mice under laboratory conditions. In a no-choice and choice feeding test, the animals were exposed to baits containing 0.1, 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125% of sodium selenite. The total bait consumption by Swiss mice in the no-choice feeding test was highly negatively correlated, while total sodium selenite intake was medium-positively correlated to the sodium selenite content in the bait. In the same test, daily intakes significantly depended on the content of sodium selenite in the bait, while the exposure and associated interactions of contents of sodium selenite and exposure had no statistically significant impact. Baits with sodium selenite contents of 0.05 and 0.1% had the most lethal effects. The negative impact of the sodium selenite content on bait acceptance and palatability was confirmed in choice feeding tests. Baits containing 0.05 and 0.1% of sodium selenite displayed the biological potential to be used as a rodenticide. It is necessary to improve its insufficient acceptability and palatability by adding adequate additives to the bait. The results of this study should be verified in experiments with wild rodents