Dominantna epistaza između dva lokusa kvantitativnog svojstva učinkovitosti sporulacije kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Sporulation efficiency in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-established model for studying quantitative traits. A variety of genes and nucleotides causing different sporulation efficiencies in laboratory, as well as in wild strains, has already been extensively characterised (mainly by reciprocal hemizygosity analysis and nucleotide exchange methods). We applied a different strategy in order to analyze the variation in sporulation efficiency of laboratory yeast strains. Coupling classical quantitative genetic analysis with simulations of phenotypic distributions (a method we call phenotype modelling) enabled us to obtain a detailed picture of the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) relationships underlying the phenotypic variation of this trait. Using this approach, we were able to uncover a dominant epistatic inheritance of loci governing the phenotype. Moreover, a molecular analysis of known causative quantitative trait genes and nucleotides allowed for the detection of novel alleles, potentially responsible for the observed phenotypic variation. Based on the molecular data, we hypothesise that the observed dominant epistatic relationship could be caused by the interaction of multiple quantitative trait nucleotides distributed across a 60-kb QTL region located on chromosome XIV and the RME1 locus on chromosome VII. Furthermore, we propose a model of molecular pathways which possibly underlie the phenotypic variation of this trait.Učinkovitost sporulacije često se koristi za proučavanje kvantitativnih svojstava kvasca Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Velik broj gena i nukleotida koji utječu na učinkovitost sporulacije kvasca u laboratorijskim te divljim sojevima temeljito je okarakteriziran (uglavnom pomoću tehnike recipročne hemizigotnosti i ciljanom izmjenom nukleotida). U ovom smo radu primijenili drukčiju strategiju analize učinkovitosti sporulacije laboratorijskih sojeva kvasca. Povezivanjem klasičnih analiza kvantitativne genetike sa simulacijama fenotipskih distribucija (metoda modeliranja fenotipova) omogućena je detaljna analiza genetičkih odnosa između lokusa kvantitativnog svojstva učinkovitosti sporulacije. Na taj smo način otkrili dominantno epistatski odnos između dva lokusa koji pridonose učinkovitosti sporulacije. Štoviše, molekularna analiza poznatih gena i nukleotida što utječu na sporulaciju omogućila je pronalazak novih alela, koji su vjerojatno odgovorni za fenotipsku varijaciju. Pretpostavljamo da je dominantno epistatski način nasljeđivanja učinkovitosti sporulacije rezultat interakcije regije DNA na kromosomu XIV, duge 60 kb, te lokusa RME1 na kromosomu VII. Nadalje, predlažemo model pomoću kojeg se mogu opisati signalni putevi što reguliraju učinkovitost sporulacije

Suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

Western corn rootworm (WCR) was registered for the first time in Europe near the Surčin international airport in Serbia in 1992. The spread of WCR on the territory of Serbia and its population density increased fast. The Serbian territory was entirely populated in the following few years, while major damages occurred on corn grown for two or more years in the same field. Data on damages caused to over 140,000 ha under corn until 1999 were collected by organized monitoring. After 2000 and 2003, population abundance of D.v. virgifera, as well as the number of damaged corn fields, significantly decreased due to drought and application of crop rotation. Corn rootworm has one generation per year. It overwinters in the egg stage. Under the climatic conditions of Serbia larvae hatching starts around May 15th. The highest number of larvae on root is observed around June 20th when feeding is most intensive and plants become lodged as they lose roots. First adults emerge by the end of June. Their abundance increases during July and reaches maximum by the end of the month. From the second decade of August the abundance decreases. Adults are present in the field until the first frosts. Larvae are much more harmful and significant than adults. Larvae feed on roots or into roots by boring. Roots can be entirely destroyed under heavy attack and the host plants lodged already at the end of June. Under our climatic and agrotechnical conditions, adults are sporadic pests. Adults are a threat only when sowing is done after the optimal sowing date or in case of stubble corn sowing. Crop rotation is an efficient and most widespread means of WCR control. No damage on corn grown in crop rotation has been registered in Serbia for now. In the first year of production corn does not require protection from Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte larvae. Several insecticides have performed high efficacy by application at sowing and have been registered for commercial use. On the other hand, soil insecticides have never been applied on a significant area in Serbia.Kukuruzova zlatica je prvi put registrovana 1992. godine pored međunarodnog aerodroma Surčin. Širenje zlatice po teritoriji Srbije i porast gustine njene populacije je bilo brzo. Celokupna teritorija Srbije je naseljena u narednih nekoliko godina, pri čemu su se značajne štete javile na kukuruzu u ponovljenoj setvi. Sakupljeni su podaci o štetama na preko 140.000 ha kukuruza u periodu do 1999. godine. Posle 2000. i 2003. godine brojnost popualcije D.v. virgifera kao i broj oštećenih kukuruzovih polja je značajno smanjen zbog suše i masovne primene plodoreda. Kukuruzova zlatica ima jednu generaciju godišnje. Prezimljava u stadijumu jajeta. U klimatskim uslovima Srbije piljenje larvi počinje oko 15. maja. Najveći broj larvi se nalazi na korenu kukuruza oko 20. juna kada je ishrana larvi najintenzivnija. Zbog gubitka korena dolazi do poleganja biljaka. Odrasli insekti se javljaju krajem juna. Njihova brojnost raste tokom jula i dostiže maksimum krajem tog meseca. Od druge dekade avgusta brojnost imaga opada. Odrasli insekti se mogu naći u polju sve do prvih mrazeva. Larve se hrane na korenu ili se ubušuju u njega. U slučaju velikog napada koren može biti potpuno uništen i takve biljke već krajem juna poležu. U našim klimatskim i agrotehničkim uslovima odrasli insekti su sporadične štetočine. Oni mogu biti štetni u slučajevima kasnije setve ili postrne setve. Plodored je efikasan i najrasprostranjeniji način suzbijanja kukuruzove zlatice. Do sada se u Srbiji nisu javile štete na kukuruzu u plodoredu. Stoga se u kukuruzu u plodoredu ne primenjuju zaštitne mere. Više insekticida pokazuje dobre rezultate u suzbijanju kukuruzove zlatice kada se primenjuju sa setvom i imaju dozvolu za primenu u Srbiji. Međutim, zemljišni insekticidi nisu nikada do sada primenjeni na većim površinama za suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice

Significance of fiscal policy for economic development and agriculture

With the latest global economic crisis (2007-2009) the importance of fiscal policy as a part of economic policy is growing. Its significance extends from the experience of the Great Depression of the 1930s. In this paper, with the help of the ARIMA model, the influence of fiscal policy instruments on macroeconomic fiscal indicators and some selected indicators of economic development in the context of countries of Southeast Europe have been explored. Friedman's test has shown that the countries have not yet recovered from the global economic crisis. The results shows that fiscal policy can act on the individual's standard of living, but only responsible implementation will have the same effect on public finances and the overall sustainable development of a country. Also, fiscal policy is an important measure of agricultural policy and is increasingly being used as a directional development factor.Publishe

Long-Term Functional Outcomes after 10 Years of Bilateral Cochlear Implantat Use

The aims were to determine the benefit of bilateral cochlear implantation in a 20 years old patient implanted in Croatia on hearing and speech development. The male patient, after 10 years of deafness, got cochlear implants Med-EL Combi 40+ on both sides in one-stage surgery. The etiology of his deafness was posttraumatic meningitis. Auditory capacity and speech recognition tests were performed for both ears separately and together. Average hearing level on the right ear with right cochlear implant switched on started at 62 dB 1 month after the cochlear implantation and was on 55 dB after 10 years. Average hearing level on the left ear with left cochlear implant switched on started at 55 dB 1 month after the cochlear implantation and was on 32 dB after 10 years. Average hearing level on the both ears with 2 cochlear implants switched on started at 35 dB 1 month after the cochlear implantation and was on 27 dB after 10 years. Long- -term functional outcomes with bilateral cochlear implantation provides advantages over unilateral implantation including improved hearing level, speech perception in noise and improved sound localization

Development of methods for acquiring and transfering measurement data in testing the electric locomotives

The paper describes procedures and methods upon which a system has been developed for testing the running behavior of new or reconstructed electric locomotives prior to release them into regular service. Special attention has been paid to precise measurement of traction currents and voltages, as well as non-electrical quantities, such as torque, longitudinal force exerted at the wheel rim, angular and linear velocity, which vary in a wide range. In addition to choosing appropriate sensors and measuring transducers, specific interface circuits were designed and manufactured, and a laboratory model for measuring electrical and non-electrical quantities of traction electric motors was developed and realised. Based on the experience and the results obtained from the laboratory model, a computerised data acquisition system for testing the electric locomotives in the field was designed from such a computerised systems as application program for simultaneous multichannel measurement of mechanical and electrical quantities, and for off-line processing of measurement results. The systems were tested during the operation on measurement and analysis of tractive capabilities, quality of anti slip regulation system, and energy consumption of a modernized locomotive

Simultaneous plasmid integration: a unifying model of multiple plasmid integration into the yeast chromosome

Recombination of non-replicative plasmids bearing yeast homology with the chromosome can integrate the plasmid molecule into the genome. Such process is also known to integrate more than one plasmid molecule leading to multiple, tandem plasmid integration. However, its exact molecular mechanism remains unknown. There are two alternative models to explain such integration. The first predicts single integration of a super-plasmid molecule and the second sequential integration of several independent molecules, but neither is able to comprehend all experimental data. Therefore, here is presented a theoretical model that unifies both prior models owing to the possibility that two plasmid molecules recombine with the chromosome simultaneously. This model was used as a theoretical tool in order to discriminate between existing alternatives extracting the sequential model as a better overall explanation

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Extractive Substances from Galium verum L.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (US-AE) of total extractive substances from the herb Lady`s Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) is useful extraction method for its application in food manufacturing. The effect of different temperatures (T) and solvent-to-solid ratios (S) on the US-AE extraction yield was studied in this paper. The influence and optimum of the operating parameters (T and S) was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The T and S had impact on extraction yield. RSM showed that the optimal extraction parameters, which gave a maximum extraction yield of 18.7%, were T of 40 oC and S of 30 kg kg-1. Using modeled optimized conditions, detected relative difference between predicted and experimental yield was 3.3 %. RSM successfully predicted optimal parameters and proved as useful tool for standardization of extraction conditions for bioactive components from plants important for food industry

Štetnost i suzbijanje kukuruzove zlatice

It's been over 20 years since Diabrotica virgifera virgifera was introduced in Serbia. Its expansion and colonization of the territory was quickly, over a few years. D. v. virgifera is present in all's territories where corn is grown in Serbia. Damage to corn in the rotation have occurred during the period of its territorial expansion and population build up. In recent years, losses are small and occur on maize in monoculture. The main control measures in D.v. virgifera is crop rotation. The mass use of crop rotation in the cultivation of maize has led to a reduction in damages.Prošlo je više od 20 godina od kako je kukuruzova zlatica, D. v. virgifera, uneta u Srbiju. Njeno širenje i naseljavanje teritorije je bilo brzo, tokom svega nekoliko godina, pa je sada prisutna na svim teritorijama gde se gaji kukuruz u Srbiji. Štete na kukuruzu u plodoredu su se javljale u periodu njenog teritorijalnog širenja i umnožavanja brojnosti populacije. Zadnjih godina štete su male i javljaju se na kukuruzu u monokulturi. Glavna mera suzbijanja D. v. virgifera je plodored. Masovna primena plodoreda u gajenju kukuruza je dovela do smanjenja šteta

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Extractive Substances from Galium verum L

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (US-AE) of total extractive substances from the herb Lady's Bedstraw (Galium verum L.) is useful extraction method for its application in food manufacturing. The effect of different temperatures (T) and solventto-solid ratios (S) on the US-AE extraction yield was studied in this paper. The influence and optimum of the operating parameters (T and S) was investigated using response surface methodology (RSM). The T and S had impact on extraction yield. RSM showed that the optimal extraction parameters, which gave a maximum extraction yield of 18.7%, were T of 40 oC and S of 30 kg kg(-1). Using modeled optimized conditions, detected relative difference between predicted and experimental yield was 3.3 %. RSM successfully predicted optimal parameters and proved as useful tool for standardization of extraction conditions for bioactive components from plants important for food industry