Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Animal Models: Applications on Translational Research

Over the history of humankind, knowledge acquisition regarding the human body, health, and the development of new biomedical techniques have run through some animal model at some level. The mouse model has been primarily used as the role model for a long time; however, it is severely hampered regarding its feasibility for translational outcomes, in particular, to preclinical and clinical studies. Herein we aim to discuss how induced pluripotent stem cells generated from non-human primates, pigs and dogs, all well-known as adequate large biomedical models, associated or not with gene editing tools, can be used as models on in vivo or in vitro translational research, specifically on regenerative medicine, drug screening, and stem cell therapy

Pluripotency potential of equine mesenchymal cells obtained from different sources subjected to genetically induced reprogramming (iPS cells)

A inserção de fatores de transcrição conhecidos em células somáticas é capaz de reprograma-las levando a um estágio de pluripotência, gerando células-tronco pluripotentes induzidas (iPS). A utilização destas células na medicina regenerativa tem grande potencial tanto na medicina humana quanto na veterinária, e a influência da origem da célula somática utilizada na geração de iPS é discutida atualmente. Mamíferos domésticos, como por exemplo o equino, são bons modelos para o estudo para medicina humana e veterinária, com destaque para terapia celular utilizando células mesenquimais em lesões ortopédicas e articulares. Tendo como hipótese que células equinas com diferentes origens apresentam potenciais de indução à pluripotência e capacidade de diferenciação in vitro variáveis; esta proposta tem como objetivo gerar células iPS equinas obtidas através da transdução viral dos fatores de transcrição OSKM humanos ou murinos em fibroblastos (eFibro) adultos e células mesenquimais derivadas de tecido adiposo (eAdMSC), medula óssea (eMO) e tecido de cordão umbilical (etCU). Foram isoladas e cultivadas 4 linhagens de células do tecido de cordão umbilical, 3 linhagens de fibroblastos equinos, 3 linhagens de células mesenquimais de tecido adiposo equinas e 2 linhagens de células de medula óssea equina. Essas células tiveram seu tempo de duplicação celular calculado em horas (eMO 61,3±15; etCU 53,8±5; eFIBRO 27±2; eAdMSC 18,2±4,5) e foram caracterizadas por diferenciação condrogênica, osteogênica e audiogênica e por imunofenotipagem. A partir destas células foram produzidas 85 linhagens iPS equinas (eiPS- 30 linhagens derivadas de fibroblasto, 33 linhagens derivadas de células de tecido adiposo, 21 linhagens derivadas de células de tecido de cordão umbilical com os fatores humanos e 1 linhagem de derivada de células de tecido adiposo com os fatores murinos). Testes de detecção de fosfatase alcalina e OCT4 foram realizados para células eiPS obtidas de cada linhagem e as células eiPS derivadas de tecido adiposo e fibroblastos foram positivas para detecção de NANOG, TRA1-60, TRA1-81 e as células eiPS derivadas de eAdMSC foram positivas para detecção de SSEA-1. As células eiPS derivadas de cada tipo celular geraram corpos embrióides, que posteriormente foram dissociados para teste de diferenciação espontânea in vitro. Os resultados mostram que células equinas podem ser mais facilmente reprogramadas com fatores humanos quando comparadas com os fatores murinos (P<0.05). Enquanto os fatores murinos produziram apenas uma linhagem de células iPS derivada de eAdMSC, os fatores de reprogramação humanos foram capazes de produzir variadas linhagens de células iPS, sendo a formação de colônias mais eficiente para células derivadas de eAdMSC (322, P<0.01) do que para células derivadas de eFibro (65) e etCU (58), que não diferiram (P=0.95), e não foi possível produzir células eiPS a partir de eMO. Usando o sistema de indução à pluripotência padronizado em nosso laboratório, a utilização de fatores humanos na reprogramação direta gera uma maior eficiência na produção de células iPS equinas quando comparados com fatores murinos. No nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro relato de células eiPS produzidas unicamente dependentes de bFGF, sem necessidade de adição de LIF no meio de cultivo.The insertion of known transcription factors into somatic cells is capable of reprogramming them into a pluripotency stage, generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). The influence of the origin of the somatic cell used in the generation of iPS is currently discussed, and the use of these cells in regenerative medicine has great potential in both human and veterinary medicine. Domestic mammals, such as the equine are great models for the study of human and veterinary medicine, highlighting cell therapy using mesenchymal cells in orthopedic and articular injuries. Hypothesizing that equine cells derived from different tissues show variable pluripotency induction potentials and in vitro differentiation capacity, depending on the source of derivation; this proposal aims to generate equine iPS cells obtained by viral transduction of human or murine OSKM transcription factors in adult fibroblasts (eFibro) and mesenchymal cells derived from adipose tissue (eAdMSC), bone marrow(eMO), umbilical cord tissue (etCU). Four umbilical cord tissue cell lines, three equine fibroblast cells lines, three equine adipose tissue mesenchymal cell lines and 2 equine bone marrow cell lines were isolated and cultured. These cells had their doubling time calculated in hours (eMO 61.3 ± 15, etCU 53.8 ± 5, eFIBRO 27 ± 2, and ADMSC 18.2 ± 4.5) and were characterized by chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic and by immunophenotyping. From these cells, 85 equine iPS (eiPS) cell lines were produced (30 fibroblast-derived cell lines, 33 cell lines derived from adipose tissue cells, 21 cell lines derived from umbilical cord tissue cells, with human factors and 1 cell line derived from eAdMSC using murine factors). Alkaline phosphatase and OCT4 detection tests were performed on eiPS cells obtained from each cell line and eAdMSC and eFibro derived iPS cells were positive for the detection of NANOG,TRA1-60, TRA1-81 and eiPS derived from eAdMSC were positive for SSEA-1 detection. Embryonic bodies, which were later dissociated for spontaneous differentiation test in vitro were derived from each cell type. Results show that equine cells can be more easily reprogrammed with human factors when compared to murine factors (P<0.05). While murine factors produced only one eiPS cell line derived from eAdMSC, human reprogramming factors were able to produce multiple eiPS cell lines, and colony formation was more efficient for cells derived from eAdMSC (322 P <0.01) than for cells derived from eFibro (65) and etCU (58), which did not differ (P = 0.95) and It has not yet been possible to produce iPS cells from the eMO cell lines. Using the induction system standardized in our laboratory, the use of human factors in direct reprogramming results in greater efficiency in the production of equine iPS cells when compared to murine factors. To our knowledge, this is the first report of eiPS cells produced solely dependent on bFGF, without the need for addition of LIF in the culture medium

Control of mitochondrial DNA copy number in bovine cells: a model based on depletion

As mitocôndrias são organelas semiautonômicas, portadoras do próprio DNA, o mtDNA e responsáveis pela produção de energia celular na forma de ATP, através do processo de fosforilação oxidativa. Atualmente, diferentes tipos de doenças, como distrofias musculares e diversos tipos de câncer, estão associadas à alteração nas moléculas de mtDNA. Na década de 70 um modelo a partir do cultivo celular com brometo de etídio (EtBr) foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de se criar uma linhagem celular depletada de cópias de mtDNA. Desde então os mais variados estudos foram realizados e diversos tipos celulares foram submetidos à depleção do mtDNA. Este projeto teve como objetivos criar um modelo de cultivo celular somático na espécie bovina com depleção de cópias de mtDNA para investigar a resposta da célula a esta condição; avaliar como as células depletadas se comportam na ausência de EtBr, além da utilização destas células no processo de reprogramação celular por indução gênica na tentativa de avaliar o efeito do numero de cópias de mtDNA na indução na espécie bovina. Para tanto foram desenvolvidos três experimentos; Experimento 1- Depleção de mtDNA a partir da utilização do brometo de etídeo; Experimento 2 Repleção do mtDNA; e Experimento 3 Utilização de células bovinas depletadas no sistema de reprogramação nuclear. Todos os experimentos foram avaliados quanto a quantidade de cópias de mtDNA e expressão gênica para os genes Bax, Bcl2 e Tfam. Ademais, os experimentos 1 e 2 foram avaliados quanto a viabilidade celular e apenas o experimento 1 foi avaliado quanto ao crescimento e morfologia celular. O experimento 1 foi avaliado durante o cultivo celular nos períodos D0, D4, D7, D10 e D13, com os grupos experimentais controle (EtBr-C) e tratado com 100 ng/mL de brometo de etídio (EtBr-T), quanto a núero de cópias do mtDNA, o grupo EtBr-T diferiu do grupo EtBr-C (P=0,0459), apresentando menor número de cópias de mtDNA; menor taxa crescimento celular (P<0,05), porém sem alteração na morfologia celular, e na expressão dos genes descritos acima. No experimento da repleção, não houve diferença no número de cópias de mtDNA, entre os grupos EtBr-T e EtBr-R, indicativo de que as células atingiram o estado rho 0 ou que necessitam de mais tempo para ativar a replicação do mtDNA; quanto a viabilidade celular, houve diferença entres os grupos, quanto a expressão gênica, com aumento do Bax e do Bcl-2 para o grupo EtBr-T; O grupo EtBr-R apresentou queda do Bcl-2; para o Tfam houve aumento para o grupo EtBr-T e uma queda para o grupo EtBr-R. Quanto ao experimento 3, não foi possível observar sinais de pluripotência, porém foi detectada uma queda na quantidade de mtDNA dos dois grupos tratados por EtBr (EtBr com e sem Stemcca) e o grupo controle com Stemcca. Para analise de expressão gênica, não houve diferenças entre os grupos em relação ao Tfam. Quanto ao Bax, os grupos controle com Stemcca, controle sem Stemcca e EtBr sem Stemcca não diferiram, e o ultimo também não apresentou diferença quando comparado ao grupo EtBr com Stemcca. Para o Bcl-2, os grupos controle sem Stemcca e EtBr com Stemcca não apresentaram diferenças entre si; o grupo controle sem Stemcca não apresentou diferença quando comparado aos grupos controle com Stemcca e EtBr sem Stemcca. Concluindo, este trabalho no nosso conhecimento, descreve pela primeira vez a produção de células bovinas Rho 0 e discute sobre a relação da função mitocondrial e o processo de reprogramação celular.Mitochondria are semi autonomic organelles which present their own DNA (mtDNA); are in charge of cell energy production as ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. Currently, different types of diseases like muscular distrofy; different types of cancer are associated to alterations of mtDNA molecules. In the 70\'s a model based on cell culture with ethidium bromide (EtBr) was developed in order to create a cell line depleted of mtDNA. Since then, a variety of studies were realized; diverse cell types were submited to mtDNA depletion. This project had as objective creating a model of somatic cell culture in bovine species with depletion of mtDNA copies, in order to investigate cell response to this condition; to analyze depleted cell behavior in the absence of EtBr, besides using this depleteded cell in a reprogramming cell process by genic induction in order evaluate the effect of the number of mtDNA copies during induction in bovine species. Therefore three experiments were developed: Experiment-1 Depletion of mtDNA using ethidium bromide. Experiment-2 repletion of mtDNA; Experiment-3 usage of depleted bovine cells in reprogramming nuclear system. Cell experiments were analyzed according to the quantity of mtDNA copies; genic expression for Bax, BCl2; Tfam genes. Also, experiments 1; 2 were analyzed on cell viability; only experiment 1 was analyzed regarding cell morphology; growth. Experiment-1 was analyzed during cell culture on periods D0, D4, D7, D10, D13, with control experimental groups (EtBr-C),; treated with 100 ng/mL ethidium bromide (EtBr-T); relating to mtDNA quantification the EtBr-T group differed from EtBr-C (P=0,0459) presenting a smaller number of mtDNA copies; smaller growth rate (P<0,05); although there was no differences on cell morphology as there was also no difference related to genic expression of the previous stated genes. Repletion experiment showed no differences about the number of mtDNA copies between EtBr-T; EtBr-R groups, indicating this cells reached Rho0 state or that they need more time to activate mtDNA replication; about cell viability, there were no differences among the groups; relating to genic expression there was an increase of Bax; BCl-2 for EtBt-T group; EtBr-R group showed decrease of BCl-2; for Tfam there was an increase for EtBr-T group; a decrease for EtBr-R. Relating to Experiment-3 it was impossible to notice signs of pluripotency, but we could see a decrease in the amount of mtDNA in both groups treated with EtBr (EtBr with; without STEMCCA) as in control group with STEMCCA. Genic expression analysis didn\'t show differences related to Tfam. Regarding to BAX, both control groups (with; without STEMCCA); EtBr without STEMCCA didn\'t differ from each other,; the last one also didn\'t show any difference when compared to EtBt with STEMCCA group. For BCl-2, control group without STEMCCA; EtBr with STEMCCA didn\'t show differences among each other; control group without SEMCCA didn\'t show differences when compared to control group with STEMCCA; EtBr without STEMCCA. Concluding, this work, regarding our knowledge, describes for the first time, production of bovine Rho0 cells; debates about the relationship among mitochondrial function; the process of cell reprogramation

Influence of Cell Type in In Vitro Induced Reprogramming in Cattle

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been considered an essential tool in stem cell research due to their potential to develop new therapies and technologies and answer essential questions about mammalian early development. An important step in generating iPSCs is selecting their precursor cell type, influencing the reprogramming efficiency and maintenance in culture. In this study, we aim to characterize bovine mesenchymal cells from adipose tissue (bAdMSCs) and fetal fibroblasts (bFFs) and to compare the reprogramming efficiency of these cells when induced to pluripotency. The cells were characterized by immunostaining (CD90, SSEA1, SSEA3, and SSEA4), induced differentiation in vitro, proliferation rates, and were subjected to cell reprogramming using the murine OSKM transcription factors. The bFFs presented morphological changes resembling pluripotent cells after reprogramming and culture with different supplementation, and putative iPSCs were characterized by immunostaining (OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, and AP). In the present study, we demonstrated that cell line origin and cellular proliferation rate are determining factors for reprogramming cells into pluripotency. The generation of biPSCs is a valuable tool to improve both translational medicine and animal production and to study the different supplements required to maintain the pluripotency of bovine cells in vitro

Macroscopic description of the limb muscles of Tupinambis merianae

Tegu lizard (Tupinambis merianae) belongs to the Teiidae family. It is distributed throughout the Americas, with many species, including Brazilian ones. They are from the Tupinambis genus, the largest representatives of the Teiidae family. For this study three animals (run over) coming from donation were used. The dissected lizards were fixed in 10%, formaldehyde, and the macroscopic analysis was carried out in a detailed and photo documented way, keeping the selected structures “in situ”. This paper had as its main aim contributing to the macroscopic description of the chest myology, as well as the thoracic and pelvic limbs of the lizard T. merianae. The results obtained from this research were compared to authors who have studied animals from the same Reptilia class. Thus, we conclude that our macroscopic results are similar to those already described by the researchers Hildebrand (1995), Moro and Abdala (2004) and Abdala and Diogo (2010). We should highlight that the knowledge on anatomy has importance and applications to various areas within Biology, contributing in a substantial way to the areas of human health and technology

Descrição macroscópica da musculatura dos membros do Tupinambis merianae

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2012v25n1p103O lagarto teiú (Tupinambis merianae) pertence à família Teiidae. Distribui-se ao longo das Américas, com numerosas espécies, inclusive no Brasil. São do gênero Tupinambis, os maiores representantes da família Teiidae. Para este estudo foram utilizados três animais (atropelados) provenientes de doação. Os lagartos dissecados foram fixados em formol 10%, e a análise macroscópica foi realizada de forma detalhada e fotodocumentada, guardando as estruturas selecionadas “in situ”. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo contribuir com a descrição macroscópica da miologia peitoral e dos membros torácico e pélvico do lagarto T. merianae. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa foram comparados com autores que estudaram animais da mesma classe Reptilia. Com isso, concluímos que nossos resultados macroscópicos assemelham-se aos já descritos pelos pesquisadores Hildebrand (1995), Moro e Abdala, (2004) e Abdala e Diogo (2010). Devemos ressaltar que o conhecimento da anatomia tem importâncias e aplicações em diversas áreas dentro da Biologia, contribuindo de maneira substancial para as áreas da saúde humana e da tecnologia

Exogenous OCT4 and SOX2 Contribution to In Vitro Reprogramming in Cattle

Mechanisms of cell reprogramming by pluripotency-related transcription factors or nuclear transfer seem to be mediated by similar pathways, and the study of the contribution of OCT4 and SOX2 in both processes may help elucidate the mechanisms responsible for pluripotency. Bovine fibroblasts expressing exogenous OCT4 or SOX2, or both, were analyzed regarding the expression of pluripotency factors and imprinted genes H19 and IGF2R, and used for in vitro reprogramming. The expression of the H19 gene was increased in the control sorted group, and putative iPSC-like cells were obtained when cells were not submitted to cell sorting. When sorted cells expressing OCT4, SOX2, or none (control) were used as donor cells for somatic cell nuclear transfer, fusion rates were 60.0% vs. 64.95% and 70.53% vs. 67.24% for SOX2 vs. control and OCT4 vs. control groups, respectively; cleavage rates were 66.66% vs. 81.68% and 86.47% vs. 85.18%, respectively; blastocyst rates were 33.05% vs. 44.15% and 52.06% vs. 44.78%, respectively. These results show that the production of embryos by NT resulted in similar rates of in vitro developmental competence compared to control cells regardless of different profiles of pluripotency-related gene expression presented by donor cells; however, induced reprogramming was compromised after cell sorting