A new perspective to rational expectations: Maximin rational expectations equilibrium

We introduce a new notion of rational expectations equilibrium (REE) called maximin rational expectations equilibrium (MREE), which is based on the maximin expected utility (MEU) formulation. In particular, agents maximize maximin expected utility conditioned on their own private information and the information that the equilibrium prices generate. Maximin equilibrium allocations need not to be measurable with respect to the private information of each individual and with respect to the information that the equilibrium prices generate, as it is in the case of the Bayesian REE. We prove that a maximin REE exists universally (and not generically as in Radner (1979) and Allen (1981)), it is efficient and incentive compatible. These results are false for the Bayesian REE

Formation and evolution of clumpy tidal tails around globular clusters

We present some results of numerical simulations of a globular cluster orbiting in the central region of a triaxial galaxy on a set of 'loop' orbits. Tails start forming after about a quarter of the globular cluster orbital period and develop, in most cases, along the cluster orbit, showing clumpy substructures as observed, for example, in Palomar 5. If completely detectable, clumps can contain about 7,000 solar masses each, i.e. about 10% of the cluster mass at that epoch. The morphology of tails and clumps and the kinematical properties of stars in the tails are studied and compared with available observational data. Our finding is that the stellar velocity dispersion tends to level off at large radii, in agreement to that found for M15 and Omega Centauri.Comment: LaTeX 2e, uses AASTeX v5.x, 40 pages with 18 figures. Submitted to The Astronomical Journa

Nature of the constant factor in the relation between radial breathing mode frequency and tube diameter for single-wall carbon nanotubes

Resonance Raman scattering is used to determine the radial breathing mode (RBM) frequency (ωRBM) dependence on tube diameter (dt) for single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We establish experimentally the ωRBM=227.0/dt as the fundamental relation for pristine SWNTs. All the other RBM values found in the literature can be explained by an upshift in frequency due mostly to van der Waals interaction between SWNTs and environment

Análise de vinte genótipos de sorgo (Sorghum biocolor (L.) Moench), de portes médio e alto, pertencentes ao Ensaio Nacional.

Os vinte genótipos de sorgo estudados foram cultivados e ensilados aos 104 dias de idade, em estádio de grão pastoso, em silos de laboratório de "PVC", com I O cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de comprimento. Os silos foram abertos aos 150 dias após a ensilagem. O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado. No material estudado (verde e ensilado), foram determinados os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose, celulose,lignina, cinzas totais, matéria seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB) e carboidratos solúveis em álcool, que apresentaram valores médios de 61,8; 34,2; 27,S; 29,S; 4,6; 3,8; 25,7; 7,7; e 8,5% no material original e de 55,9; 32,6; 23,3; 28,5; 3,9; 4,0; 27 ,5; 8,6; e O,8% nas silagens, respectivamente. Os valores de hemicelulose e celulose diminuíram com a ensilagem, indicando que tais frações forneceram carboidratos adicionais para a fermentação. Os teores de carboidratos solúveis do material original foram altos para todos os genótipos, sendo intensamente consumidos no silo, garantindo bom padrão de fermentação. Nas silagens, os valores de pH foram, em média, 3,5 e os teores de nitrogênio amoniacal, inferiores a 8%, em todos os genótipos. As silagens estudadas apresentaram-se iguais para todas as características pesquisadas

Porcentagem, perda e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca das silagens de 20 genótipos de sorgo.

O objetivo do experimento foi avaliar a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca das silagens de 20 genótipos de sorgo, ensilados aos 104 dias de idade em silos de PVC, com 10cm de diâmetro e 40cm de comprimento. Os silos foram abertos 150 dias após a ensilagem para determinação dos teores e perdas de matéria seca (MS), e da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). As diferenças foram verificadas pelo teste SNK e o delineamento experimental adotado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições por tratamento. Os teores de MS das silagens variaram de 23,7% a 31,8%, e todas elas apresentaram pequenas perdas de MS. Não houve diferença entre as silagens dos vinte genótipos quanto aos teores de MS e perdas de MS, mas houve diferença na DIVMS. Os híbridos C 22 e CMSXS 756 apresentaram os maiores valores (62,8 e 63,0%) e os híbridos 547 e C 11 os menores valores (54,1 e 55,5%) de DIVMS, respectivamente.ENACHI PESCE, D.M

ASCA and contemporaneous ground-based observations of the BL Lacertae objects 1749+096 and 2200+420 (BL Lac)

We present ASCA observations of the radio-selected BL Lacertae objects 1749+096 (z=0.32) and 2200+420 (BL Lac, z=0.069) performed in 1995 Sept and Nov, respectively. The ASCA spectra of both sources can be described as a first approximation by a power law with photon index Gamma ~ 2. This is flatter than for most X-ray-selected BL Lacs observed with ASCA, in agreement with the predictions of current blazar unification models. While 1749+096 exhibits tentative evidence for spectral flattening at low energies, a concave continuum is detected for 2200+420: the steep low-energy component is consistent the high-energy tail of the synchrotron emission responsible for the longer wavelengths, while the harder tail at higher energies is the onset of the Compton component. The spectral energy distributions from radio to gamma-rays are consistent with synchrotron-self Compton emission from a single homogeneous region shortward of the IR/optical wavelengths, with a second component in the radio domain related to a more extended emission region. For 2200+420, comparing the 1995 Nov state with the optical/GeV flare of 1997 July, we find that models requiring inverse Compton scattering of external photons provide a viable mechanism for the production of the highest (GeV) energies during the flare. An increase of the external radiation density and of the power injected in the jet can reproduce the flat gamma-ray continuum observed in 1997 July. A directly testable prediction of this model is that the line luminosity in 2200+420 should vary shortly after (~1 month) a non-thermal synchrotron flare.Comment: 28 pages,6 figures, 5 tables; LaTeX document. accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journa

The HST Survey of BL Lacertae Objects. I. Surface Brightness Profiles, Magnitudes, and Radii of Host Galaxies

We report on a large HST imaging survey of BL Lac objects, at spatial resolution ~10 times better than previous ground-based surveys. We focus on data reduction and analysis, describing the procedures used to model the host galaxy surface brightness radial profiles. A total of 69 host galaxies were resolved out of 110 objects observed, including almost all sources at z < 0.5. We classify them morphologically by fitting with either an exponential disk or a de~Vaucouleurs profile; when one fit is preferred over the other, in 58 of 69 cases, it is invariably the elliptical morphology. This is a very strong result given the large number of BL Lac objects, the unprecedented spatial resolution, and the homogeneity of the data set. With the present reclassification of the host galaxy of 1418+546 as an elliptical, there remain no undisputed examples of a disk galaxy hosting a BL Lac nucleus. This implies that, at 99% confidence, fewer than 7% of BL Lacs can be in disk galaxies. The apparent magnitude of the host galaxies varies with distance as expected if the absolute magnitudes are approximately the same, with a spread of +-1 mag, out to redshift z < 0.5. At larger redshifts, only 6 of 23 BL Lacs are resolved so the present data do not constrain possible luminosity evolution of the host galaxies. The collective Hubble diagram for BL Lac host galaxies and radio galaxies strongly supports their unification.Comment: Accepted for publication on ApJS. 43 pages. 10 figures. Figure 1 can also be downloaded from http://icarus.stsci.edu/~scarpa/tmp/hst_figure1.ta

Oral Adelmidrol Administration Up-Regulates Palmitoylethanolamide Production in Mice Colon and Duodenum through a PPAR-γ Independent Action

Adelmidrol is a promising palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) analog which displayed up-and-coming anti-inflammatory properties in several inflammatory conditions. Recent studies demonstrated that Adelmidrol is an in vitro enhancer of PEA endogenous production, through the so called “entourage” effect. The present study investigated the ability of Adelmidrol (1 and 10 mg/Kg per os) to increase the endogenous level of PEA in the duodenum and colon of mice after 21-day oral administration in the presence and absence of PPAR-γ inhibitor (1 mg/kg). The level of PEA was analyzed by HPLC-MS. The expression of PEA-related enzymatic machinery was evaluated by western blot and RT-PCR analysis. Our findings demonstrated that Adelmidrol significantly increased PEA levels in the duodenum and colon in a dose/time-dependent manner. We also revealed that Adelmidrol up regulated the enzymatic machinery responsible for PEA metabolism and catabolism. Interestingly, the use of the selective irreversible PPAR-γ antagonist did not affect either PEA intestinal levels or expres-sion/transcription of PEA metabolic enzymes following Adelmidrol administration. The “entourage effect” with Adelmidrol as an enhancer of PEA was thus PPAR-γ-independent. The findings suggest that Adelmidrol can maximize a PEA therapeutic-based approach in several intestinal morbidities

Application of CRISPR/Cas9 editing and digital droplet PCR in human iPSCs to generate novel knock-in reporter lines to visualize dopaminergic neurons

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have become indispensable for disease modelling. They are an important resource to access patient cells harbouring disease-causing mutations. Derivation of midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons from hiPSCs of PD patients represents the only option to model physiological processes in a cell type that is not otherwise accessible from human patients. However, differentiation does not produce a homogenous population of DA neurons and contaminant cell types may interfere with the readout of the in vitro system. Here, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to generate novel knock-in reporter lines for DA neurons, engineered with an endogenous fluorescent tyrosine hydroxylase \u2013 enhanced green fluorescent protein (TH-eGFP) reporter. We present a reproducible knock-in strategy combined with a highly specific homologous directed repair (HDR) screening approach using digital droplet PCR (ddPCR). The knock-in cell lines that we created show a functioning fluorescent reporter system for DA neurons that are identifiable by flow cytometry