Collection of Departmental Information by Utilizing Computer Technology: Evidence from Schools of Karachi

This paper is an analysis of Collection of Departmental Information (CDI) of Education Department of Karachi, but the concept of the paper is general in nature and applicable to every department of any country for the purpose of computerization of all the related records and CDI. The Paper examines the existing manually run infrastructure of CDI for onward submission to concerned departmental authorities. With the advent of information technology, the transformation and collection of information is analyzed for comparison between traditional source code and computer based working system. Trend of introducing computer in Government Departments has been examined and recorded with positive results. The Governor of Sindh seems to be very serious and has much emphasized the need of using computer technology for easy access, efficient, diligent and versatile functioning of the departments. In the light of results based on interviews, literature review and their analysis, policy implications are made for better Management of CDI for concerned authorities.Manual Information, Computer Technology, Versatile, Diligent, Acceleration, Access and Management

Livestock: A Reliable Source of Income Generation and Rehabilitation of Environment at Tharparkar

This paper attempts to identify the farming and growth rate of livestock and demographic conditions helping in its growth and focus is specially to examine: (i) to know the trend of growth of performance of livestock farming; (ii) to promote fencing of farmland and conservation of rangeland for fodder (iii) to find the new topics for further research. Hypothesis given bellow are tested in the light of above objectives: (i). it is hypothysed that livestock farming is reliable source of income generation; (ii). it is also hypothysed that reforming of farmland and rangeland will provide abundant fodder and will prove sustainable source of income generation and rehabilitation of environment. Two alternatives hypothesis are also set: (i). livestock farming is not reliable source of income generation, if properly managed too. (ii) reforming of farmland and rangeland will not provide abundant fodder and will prove sustainable source of income generation and rehabilitation of environment. The study reveals that the important component of agriculture sector is livestock and is an insurance against harvest failures and a source of easily cashable investment capital. It has more than 22 percentage of share of whole province’s livestock. Agriculture dependent families are 81 percent and 92 percent families have opinion that livestock is the only first level sustainable source of livelihood in Tharparkar and needs more attention of researchers to evaluate it.Livestock, Trends, Comparison, Tharparkar, Growth rate, Rehabilitation, Reforming

Capacity of local communities in pre and post disasters situation in coastal area of Pakistan

The present study attempted to assess the vulnerability of coastal areas of Pakistan that cashed in one's chips in the monsoon flood, 2010. This assessment helps to recognize the vulnerability of local people of coastal communities for planning better developmental work. The study conducted through field work in two districts “Thatta and Badin” of coastal area of Sindh Province of Pakistan. Multistage cluster sampling technique has used to select the sample size of 360 households from the area. Data was collected through well-structured questionnaire. Most of population in the study area is illiterate i.e. about 61% of population. This is not only due to lack of awareness and lack of passion to seek education, but, government also ignores these areas in the provision of educational facilities. Considering the disaster vulnerability of coastal areas, these health facilities are very few and it leads to make them more vulnerable towards various diseases caused by frequent disasters. Depending on the disaster vulnerability of the target area, disaster management arrangement had analyzed through the availability of emergency camp along with its distance from the villages. Vulnerability of coastal communities assessed using various indicators and in the end suggestions and recommendations put forward in the light of local vulnerability to have minimum loss in upcoming disasters.Disaster, Disaster Management, Vulnerability, Hazards, Global Warming, Rehabilitation, Awareness, Local Community

Frequency and Characteristics of Breast lymphomas presenting to a tertiary care hospital, Pakistan

Objective: To assess the relative frequency of (primary and secondary) mammary lymphomas presenting to a tertiary care hospital, Pakistan and its categorization according to WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms. Methods: All NHLs (nodal and extra nodal) diagnosed in the section of histopathology during 1992-2004 were retrieved and reviewed. All patients (n=30) diagnosed with lymphomatous involvement of the breast were selected. Distinction between primary and secondary breast lymphomas was not made owing to lack of availability of clinical information. Results: A total of 5637 breast malignancies were diagnosed in our department during the study period of 10 years and the total number of NHLs (Nodal and extra Nodal) was 2632. Thirty (n=30) patients accounting for 1.13% were diagnosed to have lymphomatous involvement of the breast. The Female to Male ratio was13.5:1; age range was 12-92 years with a median age of 43 years (Mean age 46.5 years and Standard deviation of age was 16.88 years). The sites of the lesions were the right breast in 11 cases (37.93%), left breast in 9 cases (31.03%) and both breasts in 2 cases (6.89%), while the location of 8 masses (27.58%) was unknown. Immunohistochemical studies were negative for cytokeratins (MNF and Cam 5.2) in all cases. All cases of DLBCL expressed B cell lineage antigens and were positive for LCA and Pan B (CD20 and 79a). Conclusion: We concluded that breast lymphomas represent 1.13% of all NHL and 0.5% of all breast malignancies in this study. The most frequent morphologic type was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. As patients with primary breast lymphoma have a better prognosis than those with carcinoma of the breast or patients with extranodal lymphomas, a multidisciplinary approach including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy when needed would result in a more favourable outcome

5-year analysis of thyroidectomies; a retrospective clinicopathological assessment of papillary carcinoma of thyroid in a coastal urban area

Background: The aim of our study was to analyse thyroidectomies done past 5 years on a clinico pathological basis. Additionally, we also wanted to study the presence and characteristics of papillary carcinoma of thyroid.Methods: Retrospective analysis of 57 patients who underwent thyroidectomy from 2012 to 2017 performed by Department of General Surgery of Sri Ramachandra Medical College (Chennai, India) was done and checked for statistical significance.Results: In this 5-year study of 57 thyroidectomies, 17 patients had papillary carcinoma of thyroid, 1 patient had anaplastic carcinoma and another patient had a thyroid metastasis with unknown primary. The nonmalignant 38 patients were studied separately. Regarding malignancy, 29.4% had micro carcinoma. 35.3% were in Stage I. 94.1% were in Grade I, 94.1% had no angioinvasion. 15 patients (88.2%) had negative capsule invasion and negative lympho vascular invasion. 4 patients (23.5%) had extra thyroid extension. The observed difference in the characteristics were statistically not significant (p>0.05). The odds ratio for micro carcinoma of thyroid was 0.364. Most common clinical diagnosis among patients with benign disease was multinodular goiter and 16 (40%) patients had total thyroidectomy. 82.5% of patients had microscopic nodules on histopathology. The association between the surgery type and clinical diagnosis was statistically significant (p<0.001).Conclusions: Statistical significance was noted between surgery type and clinical diagnosis. Papillary carcinoma of thyroid is not rare even in non endemic areas. The odds ratio for micro carcinoma thyroid is not significant but it does exist and post surgery, regular follow up is important

Implementing Sustainable Tourism practices in luxury resorts of Maldives: Sustainability principles & Tripple Bottomline Approach

The aim of the research paper is to understand the sustainability challenges faced by resorts mainly luxury in Maldives and to implement the sustainable tourism practices. The Maldives economy is dependent mostly on the fishing, boat building, boat repairing and tourism. Over recent years there is a drastic change that has took place in Maldives in tourism industry. Maldives has progressed to be the upper middle-income country and luxury resorts are the reason for increased GDP in the country. Although there are some practices associated with the luxury resorts to follow in terms of environmental concerns. Present study focuses on the triple bottom line approach and the 12 major Sustainable Tourism Principles as a framework for sustainability practices and its implementation including the challenges associated in Maldives. The paper suggests some recommendations on several paradigm of enforcing laws and regulations, waste management facilities, fostering collaboration along with promoting local agriculture. The study also contemplates on several other areas such as on the impact of sustainability initiatives, coral restoration, and the use of sustainable supply chains. The intent of the current research is to suggest methods to promote the sustainable practices in luxury resort in Maldives

REAL TIME RATE OF PENETRATION, PREDICTION AND OPTIMIZATION DURING DRILLING OPERATIONS

Real time rate of penetration, prediction, and optimization during drilling operations targets to optimize weight on bit, bit rotation speed and flow rate for achieving maximum drilling rate and minimizing the drilling cost. Drilling optimization process is done by multiple linear regression technique which is a statistical method. From the actual field data which are collected from the data recording systems and modern well monitoring, a model is developed to predict the rate of penetration as a function of available parameters. At each data point, for effective functions general rate of penetration equation is optimized. Computer network is needed to be established to optimize the parameters in the field, which directly from the data source keep the piped data, and also be collecting the new data continuously to be fed. Central computer has a database that will be calculating the developed model parameters by means of multiple regression technique and inform the team at the field. Real-time optimization process is carried out when the field engineer transmits the present drilling parameters to the central computer, the headquarters will determine the new model parameters as well as optimum drilling parameters with recently received information and send back to central computer in real time. In real-time environment, drilling rate of penetration can be modeled as a function of independent drilling variables such Weight on bit, rotation speed of the string, flow rate, and formation characteristics. The process is formation specific, and in real-time capability to have rate of penetration plotted against the depth with certain parameters can give a new vision to the nature drilling optimization studies. Also in real-time, any relevant difference between the actual rate of penetration trend and predicted rate of penetration can give valuable hint which will be recognized beforehand. From this study optimized independent drilling parameters are determined using non-linear regression analysis. This process is considered to use in future drilling activities on wide range as will be reducing the drilling costs and minimize of probability of encountering problems

Significance of immunohistochemistry in accurate characterization of malignant tumors

Background: To determine in a large series of surgical biopsies the role and significance of immunohistochemistry in the adequate and accurate characterization of malignant tumors. Methods: A retrospective study of 20,000 consecutive surgical biopsies reported in the Section of Histopathology, AKU in 2003. Data was obtained by retrieving the filed surgical biopsy reports in the section. Results And Conclusions: Out of the 20,000 biopsies, 6534 (32.67%) were neoplastic. 4726 neoplasms (72.33%) were malignant, and 1808 (27.67%) were benign. Immunohistochemistry was performed on 29.49% of malignant tumors, and 4.97% of benign tumors. Immunos were performed on only 2.82% of routine squamous cell carcinomas and adenocarcinomas of various organs, and in only 1.9% of infiltrating breast carcinomas, the commonest malignant tumors in females. In contrast, immunos were performed on 97.12% of non-Hodgkin\u27s lymphomas, 97.94% of Hodgkin\u27s lymphomas, 98.09% of malignant spindle cell neoplasms, 87.96% of small round blue cell tumors of childhood, 87.30% of neuroendocrine neoplasms, and 84.37% cases of malignant melanomas. In addition, immunos were performed on all cases of malignant undifferentiated neoplasms and were able to resolve the issue in over 89% of such cases. Immunos were also performed on 54.74% of metastatic tumors. Lymph nodes were the commonest organs on which immunos were performed i.e. 96.50% of lymph node tumors, followed by CNS and renal neoplasms with 33.01% and 25.92% respectively