Disciplinary Links Between Scientific Management and Strategy Development

We investigate the incidence of links between the historical discipline of scientific management and the modern study of strategy development. Despite a century’s separation, these two disciplines share noticeable commonality in their trajectories and their approach to management. We conducted a forward search of the impact of scientific management, finding influences on accounting, human resource management, and the creation of the modern MBA. We then conducted a backward search of the roots of strategy development, including a novel directed reference tree search by citation count. We find overlap between these two searches in organization theory, operations research, and industrial psychology. Further, we identify disciplinary oscillation between quantitative process studies and context-based ethnographic research in the study of management questions

Growing Towards a Sustainable Biofuel Future: A Comprehensive Policy Strategy for Navigating Tradeoffs and Stakeholder Interests in U.S. Agriculture

Rapid growth of biofuels production in the United States is reshaping the agricultural industry, delivering both benefits and conflict among stakeholders. Routes forward on biofuels production should be viewed in the context of economic, land use, environmental, and energy security tradeoffs and their potential impacts in the future. This report discusses the current, emerging, and prospective conflicts arising from increased biofuels production, recommends policies to resolve these conflicts, and identifies likely areas of support and opposition from stakeholder groups. The report focuses heavily on ethanol, because ethanol accounts for 95 percent of U.S. biofuels production (Worldwatch 2006); however, many of the trade-offs and recommendations identified in the report can and should be applied to biofuels more generally. This report does not attempt to assess whether or not biofuels are the best option for transportation fuel use. Rather, it accepts that current mandates, policies, and market conditions will result in increased biofuel production and proposes policies to support growth in more economically and environmentally sustainable manners

Health status perception and airflow obstruction in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study

Background: COPD is a highly prevalent disease but underdiagnosed, undertreated and possibly under-recognized by patients. Limited information exists regarding patients' perception of COPD severity. We compared patients' general, health status perception, degree of breathlessness and physical activity limitation with the severity of their respiratory condition measured by airway obstruction, in a population-based sample.Methods: We used postbronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC < 0.70 to define COPD. Patients' perception of their general. health status was derived from the question in general, you would say that your health is: excellent, very good, good, fair or poor?Results: Spirometry was performed in 5314 subjects: an FEV(1)/FVC ratio below 0.70 was found in 759 subjects. in persons with COPD, general. health status decreased with increasing GOLD stages. Over one-half of subjects with stage 2 and one third of those with stages 3 and 4 reported their health status as good to excellent. There was also a disparity between airway obstruction severity and breathlessness intensity. Although the more severe COPD stages were frequently associated with significant compromise of work and everyday activities, patients often tended to provide an optimistic self evaluation of their health status.Conclusions: the discrepancy observed between general health status, dyspnea severity, physical activity limitation and airway obstruction most likely reflect patients' underperception of disease severity, emphasizing the need for improving case-finding measures and multi-component evaluation of COPD subjects. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Boehringer Ingelheim GmbHCent Univ Venezuela, Hosp Univ Caracas, Serv Neumonol, Caracas 1030, VenezuelaUniv Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90066 USAInst Resp Dis, Mexico City 14080, DF, MexicoUniv Republica, Hosp Maciel, Montevideo, UruguayUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04021070 São Paulo, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Dept Salud Publ, Santiago, ChilePontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Catedra Neumol, Santiago, ChileUniv Fed Pelotas, Fac Med, BR-96030002 Pelotas, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04021070 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and body mass index in five Latin America cities: the PLATINO study

Background: the body mass index (BMI) is a prognostic factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Despite its importance, little information is available regarding BMI alteration in COPD from a population-based study. We examined characteristics by BMI categories in the total and COPD populations in five Latin-American cities, and explored the factors influencing BMI in COPD.Methods: COPD was defined as a postbronchodilator forced expiratory volume in the first second/forced vital capacity (FEV(1)/FVC)= 30.0 kg/m(2)).Results: Interviews were completed in 5571 subjects from 6711 eligible individuals, and spirometry was performed in 5314 subjects. There were 759 subjects with COPD and 4555 without COPD. Compared with the non-COPD group, there was a higher proportion of COPD subjects in the underweight and normal weight categories, and a lower proportion in the obese category. Over one-half COPD subjects had BMI over 25 kg/m(2). No differences in BMI strata among countries were found in COPD subjects. Factors associated with lower BMI in mates with COPD were aging, current smoking, and global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease (GOLD) stages III - IV, whereas wheeze and residing in Santiago and Montevideo were associated with higher BMI. in females with COPD, current smoking, lower education, and GOLD stages II - IV were associated with lower BMI, while dyspnea and wheeze were associated with higher BMI.Conclusions: BMI alterations are common in COPD with no significant differences among countries. Current smoking, age, GOLD stages, education level, residing in Santiago and Montevideo, dyspnea and wheeze were independently associated with BMI in COPD. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Cent Univ Venezuela, Fac Med, Hosp Univ Caracas, Serv Neumonol, Caracas 1030, VenezuelaInst Resp Dis, Mexico City 14080, DF, MexicoUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04021070 São Paulo, BrazilUniv Republica, Hosp Maciel, Fac Med, Montevideo 2610, UruguayPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Med, Dept Salud Publ, Santiago, ChileUniv Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90066 USAUniv Fed Pelotas Duque Caxias, Fac Med, Pelotas, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, BR-04021070 São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc

Neumonías en pacientes ventilados mecánicamente

Sin resume

Paid employment in subjects with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in five Latin American cities: the PLATINO study

BACKGROUND: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a costly condition that frequently causes permanent work disabilities. Little information exists regarding the impact of COPD on work force participation and the indirect costs of the disease in developing countries.OBJECTIVE: To examine the frequency of paid employment and factors influencing it in a Latin-American population-based study.METHODS: Post-bronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC < 0.70 (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) was used to define COPD. Information regarding paid work was assessed by the question 'At any time in the past year, have you worked for payment?'RESULTS: Interviews were conducted with 5571 subjects; 5314 (759 COPD and 4554 non-COPD) subjects underwent spirometry. Among the COPD subjects, 41.8% reported having paid work vs. 57.1% of non-COPD (P < 0.0001). the number of months with paid work was reduced in COPD patients (10.5 +/- 0.17 vs. 10.9 +/- 0.06, P < 0.05). the main factors associated with having paid work in COPD patients were male sex (OR 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.47), higher education level (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.09) and younger age (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.88-0.92). COPD was not a significant contributor to employment (OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.69-1.00, P = 0.054) in the entire population.CONCLUSIONS: Although the proportion of persons with paid work is lower in COPD, having COPD appears not to have a significant impact on obtaining paid employment in the overall population of developing countries.Boehringer Ingelheim GmbHCent Univ Venezuela, Hosp Univ Caracas, Serv Neumonol, Fac Med, Caracas 1030, VenezuelaUniv Calif Los Angeles, Sch Publ Hlth, Los Angeles, CA 90024 USAInst Resp Dis, Mexico City, DF, MexicoUniv Republica, Hosp Maciel, Fac Med, Montevideo, UruguayUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilPontificia Univ Catolica Chile, Fac Med, Catedra Neumol, Santiago, ChileUniv Fed Pelotas, Fac Med, Pelotas, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc