Supergene Enriched, Intrusion Related Low Suphidation Deposit, Binebase-Bawone, North Sulawesi, Indonesia

DOI: 10.17014/ijog.v7i4.150Gold mineralization at East Asia Minerals' Binebase Prospect on Sangihe Island displays controls to mineralization typical of other Pacific Rim Intrusion related low sulphidation systems. Better gold grades are localized on EW dilatant structures at the intersection of NW trending structural corridors. Mineralization at Binebase was previously interpreted as being hosted in a high sulphidation style of alteration system. This assumption was based on surface observations of alunite and what was thought to be residual vuggy silica. Recent observations indicate that the alunite is a supergene mineral in nature and that the vuggy silica is the boxworked remnants of silica + pyrite alteration. Precious metal grades decline moving away from feeder structures and there has been significant supergene enrichment of gold in the oxide zone. Exploration drilling completed in 2008 by East Asia Minerals Indonesia resulted in an inferred resource of approximately 835,000 oz of contained gold at a cut off grade of 0.25 g/t Au. This resource included both oxide and hypogene sulphide mineralization. Drilling was reinitiated in 2011 to change the inferred to indicated resource, that drilling programme continued at the time of this publication. Various geophysical techniques were employed at both prospect and regional scales to aid exploration. Ground magnetics defined hydrothermal alteration and magnetite destruction which was coincident with mineralization at both Binebase and Bawone and an Induced Polarisation survey also produced an anomaly which was coincident with disseminated fine sulphide associated with clay alteration within the hydrothermal alteration. The southern part of the island was covered by an airborne geophysical survey in an attempt to understand the regional structural controls on mineralization and to define additional areas of hydrothermal alteration

Effects of quenching methods on shape memory properties of Cu-28Zn-3Al wt. % alloy produced by gravity casting

100-107In recent years, Cu-Zn-Al alloys are studied intensively due to their excellence in shape memory effect (SME), good mechanical properties, along with accessible production process and cost. Cu-Zn-Al Shape Memory Alloy easily form stabilization in martensite phase that leads to SME properties reduction, but can be minimized by applying alternative quenching methods. In this research, several quenching methods are proposed to minimize the phase stabilization of martensite. The Cu-28Zn-3Al alloy was produced by gravity casting and homogenized at 800 ℃ for 2h followed by air cooling. Furthermore, as-homogenized plate was betatized at 850 ℃ for 30 minutes and then subsequently quenched using three different methods: direct quench (DQ), up quench (UQ), and step quench (SQ). Morphology, phase transformation, hardness, and strain recovery characterization are examined using an optical microscope, SEM-EDS, XRD, DSC, Vickers, and bending tests. The results showed that the DQ and UQ samples consist of V-shape βˈ[M18R] martensite as a matrix and retained α[A1] as the second phase. The volume fraction ratio of βˈ[M18R]: α[A1] is (98.4:1.6) and (92.9:6.1) for DQ and UQ, respectively. However, the SQ sample did not indicate the presence of the martensite phase and did not show any recovery rate. Bending test showed that DQ and UQ had 27.2% and 36.3% of recovery rate, respectively

Immunophenotypic analysis of the chronological events of tissue repair in aortic medial dissections

Acute medial dissection of aorta can occur in the context of a sudden and unexpected death. For medico-legal reasons it is important to estimate as accurately the histological age of dissections. We evaluated the additional value of a systematic application of immunohistochemistry, compared with conventional histology only, in determining chronological steps of injury and repair. Thirty two paraffin embedded specimens of aortic dissection were retrospectively allocated to one of four defined stages: acute (I), subacute (II), early organizing (III) and scarring (IV) using Hematoxylin and Eosin and Elastica van Gieson stained sections. Subsequent immunohistochemically staining was performed with the following markers: (myeloperoxidase (neutrophils), citrullinated-Histone 3 (neutrophil extracellular traps), CD68 (macrophages), CD3 (T-cells), CD31 and CD34 (endothelial cells), and smooth muscle actin. Immune stained sections were scored semi-quantitatively. Histologically, five cases were identified as stage I, 16 as II, 7 as III and 4 as IV. Additional immunostaining for smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells altered the classification in 25% of cases (all in groups II and III). Immunostaining and semi-quantitative grading of involvement of neutrophils, macrophages and NETs also provided specific distribution patterns over the 4 age categories, including unexpected involvement of the peri adventitial fat tissue. In conclusion, it appears that semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry of resident vascular wall cells, inflammatory cells and NETS represents a useful adjunct in detailed histopathological grading of the chronological age of aortic dissections

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