Molecular integration of casanova in the Nodal signalling pathway controlling endoderm formation

International audienceEndoderm originates from a large endomesodermal field requiring Nodal signalling. The mechanisms that ensure segregation of endoderm from mesoderm are not fully understood. We first show that the timing and dose of Nodal activation are crucial for endoderm formation and the endoderm versus mesoderm fate choice, because sustained Nodal signalling is required to ensure endoderm formation but transient signalling is sufficient for mesoderm formation. In zebrafish, downstream of Nodal signals, three genes encoding transcription factors (faust, bonnie and clyde and the recently identified gene casanova) are required for endoderm formation and differentiation. However their positions within the pathway are not completely established. In the present work, we show that casanova is the earliest specification marker for endodermal cells and that its expression requires bonnie and clyde. Furthermore, we have analysed the molecular activities of casanova on endoderm formation and found that it can induce endodermal markers and repress mesodermal markers during gastrulation, as well as change the fate of marginal blastomeres to endoderm. Overexpression of casanova also restores endoderm markers in the absence of Nodal signalling. In addition, casanova efficiently restores later endodermal differentiation in these mutants, but this process requires, in addition, a partial activation of Nodal signalling

Campaign spending regulation in a model of redistributive politics

We consider a model in which parties that differ in perceived valence choose how to allocate electoral promises (money, pork-barrel projects) among voters. The party perceived to be less valent has a greater incentive to “sell out” to a favored minority and completely expropriate a fraction of the electorate. By reducing the difference in perceived valence, campaign-finance regulations may reduce the extent of the expropriation and achieve a more equitable political outcome. We analyze various instruments of campaign-finance regulation from this perspective. Copyright Springer-Verlag Berlin/Heidelberg 2006Campaign spending regulation, Redistributive politics.,

Evaluation des pratiques prfessionnelles (oxygénothérapie normobare et intoxication au monixyde de carbone aux urgences adultes de l'Hôpital Nord à Marseille)

Introduction : L'intoxication au monoxyde carbone (CO) est un problème de santé publique. Des recommandations sur la prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique existent, préconisant une durée d'oxygénothérapie normobare (ONB) de référence de 12 heures. Afin d'évaluer le respect des recommandations un audit clinique ciblé a été réalisé dans le Service d'Accueil des urgences adultes de l'Hôpital Nord à Marseille. L'objectif principal était d'estimer la durée d'ONB chez les patients intoxiqués au CO afin d'évaluer l'écart à la pratique de référence. Matériel et méthodes : étude prospective descriptive monocentrique sur trois ans. Les sujets inclus étaient les patients agés de plus de 15 ans et trois mois hospitalisés aux urgences dont le diagnostic de sortie était une intoxication au CO (Code T 58 de la CIM 10). Le critère de jugment principal était la durée d'ONB estimée à partie de la durée de séjour. Un écart à la pratique de référence était défini par une durée d'oxygénothérapie normobare strictement inférieure à 12 heures. Résultats : Sur 124 patients éligibles, 87 sujets ont été inclus d'octobre 2008 à octobre 2011, dont 39 hommes et 48 femmes. L'âge médian était de 36 ans [25-47]. Un incendie était la cause de l'intoxication dans 70% des cas. Concernant la durée d'ONB, un écart à la pratique de référence était observé chez 89% (IC 95% [80-94]) des sujets inclus : 76% des sujets (n=66) avaient une durée d'ONB inférieure à six heures, 13% des sujets (n=11) une durée d'ONB de six à douze heures et 11% des sujets (n=10) une durée d'ONB supérieure à douze heures. Discussion : Un écart à la pratique de référence était observé chez près de 90% des patients intoxiqués au CO concernant la durée d'ONB recommandée. Un hypothèse explicative est la méconnaissance des recommandations par les médecins généralistes. Dans une enquête de pratique effectuées au sein de ce service d'urgence, 62% des participants ne connaissaient pas la durée d'ONB recommandée. L'implication pratique de ce résultat est la nécessité d'améliorer les connaissances. Trois actions sont envisageable : la création d'ateliers d'informations, l'utilisation d'un protocole diagnostique et thérapeutique validés, ainsi que de documents de sortie standardisés.Introduction: Carbon monoxide poisoning is a public health problem. Recommendations on the care diagnostic and therapeutic exist, advocating a period of normobaric oxygen (NBO) reference's 12 hours. To assess compliance with recommendations clinical audit was conducted at the Emergency service of Hospital North in Marseille. The main objective was to estimate the duration of normobaric oxygene (NBO) in patients poisoned by carbon monoxide (CO) to evaluate the deviation from the standard of practice. Materials and methods: Retrospective descriptive monocentric study's over three years. The included subjects were patients older than 15 years and three months in hospital emergency whose discharge diagnosis was CO poisoning (Code T 58 ICD-10). The primary endpoint was the duration of NBO estimated from length of stay. A deviation from the standard of practice was defined as a period of normobaric oxygen strictly less than 12 hours. Results: Of 124 eligible subjects, 87 subjects were included from October 2008 to October 2011, 39 men and 48 women. The median age was 36 years [25-47]. Fire was the cause of poisoning in 70% of cases. Regarding the duration of NBO, a deviation from the standard of practice was observed in 89% (95% CI [80-94]) of patients : 76% of subjects (n = 66) had a duration of NBO shorter than six hours, 13% of subjects (n=11) a period of six to twelve hours and 11% of subjects (n=10) longer than 12 hours. Discussion: A deviation from the standard of practice was observed in approximately 90% of patients poisoned by CO on the duration of NBO recommended. An explanatory hypothesis is the ignorance of recommendations by emergency physicians. In a survey of practices carried out within the emergency department, 62% of participants did not know the duration of NBO recommended. The practical implication of this result is the need to improve knowledge. Three actions are possible: the creation of information workshops, the use of a validated diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, as well as standardized output documents.AIX-MARSEILLE2-BU Méd/Odontol. (130552103) / SudocSudocFranceF

Editorial on ``Neurologic injury in adults supported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory failure: findings from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization database''

International audienc

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute myocardial infarction-associated cardiogenic shock: can we predict survival before decision of implantation?

International audienceno abstrac

Decentralized Deterrence, with an Application to Labor Tax Auditing

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