Match Algorithm for a Real Time Expert System

Rule based systems or production rule languages have become an established means of encoding expertise [2]. The evaluation of satisfaction of a set of production rules (match phase in the inference cycle) is computationally expensive [2]. RETE [1] and TREAT [3] are two algorithms that perform this evaluation efficiently. The complexity of these algorithms is O(W C ), where W is the number of working memory elements and C is the number of conditions elements in the rule base. This exponential bound leads to unpredictable response times. This unpredictability in response times is not acceptable in real time applications. Alternate match algorithms with polynomial bounds and hence predictable response times are necessary for real time expert systems. We present a match algorithm with polynomial time bound. The polynomial time bound is obtained by exploiting the real time domain semantics. This algorithm is implemented in a real time expert system shell, REX [4, 5]. 1 Introduction Rule..

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Genetic, Physiological, and Gene Expression Analyses Reveal That Multiple QTL Enhance Yield of Rice Mega-Variety IR64 under Drought

<div><p>Background</p><p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) is a highly drought sensitive crop, and most semi dwarf rice varieties suffer severe yield losses from reproductive stage drought stress. The genetic complexity of drought tolerance has deterred the identification of agronomically relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) that can be deployed to improve rice yield under drought in rice. Convergent evidence from physiological characterization, genetic mapping, and multi-location field evaluation was used to address this challenge.</p><p>Methodology/Principal Findings</p><p>Two pairs of backcross inbred lines (BILs) from a cross between drought-tolerant donor Aday Sel and high-yielding but drought-susceptible rice variety IR64 were produced. From six BC₄F₃ mapping populations produced by crossing the +QTL BILs with the −QTL BILs and IR64, four major-effect QTL - one each on chromosomes 2, 4, 9, and 10 - were identified. Meta-analysis of transcriptome data from the +QTL/−QTL BILs identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) significantly associated with QTL on chromosomes 2, 4, 9, and 10. Physiological characterization of BILs showed increased water uptake ability under drought. The enrichment of DEGs associated with root traits points to differential regulation of root development and function as contributing to drought tolerance in these BILs. BC₄F₃-derived lines with the QTL conferred yield advantages of 528 to 1875 kg ha⁻¹ over IR64 under reproductive-stage drought stress in the targeted ecosystems of South Asia.</p><p>Conclusions/Significance</p><p>Given the importance of rice in daily food consumption and the popularity of IR64, the BC₄F₃ lines with multiple QTL could provide higher livelihood security to farmers in drought-prone environments. Candidate genes were shortlisted for further characterization to confirm their role in drought tolerance. Differential yield advantages of different combinations of the four QTL reported here indicate that future research should include optimizing QTL combinations in different genetic backgrounds to maximize yield advantage under drought.</p></div

Shoot growth dynamics in field studies as measured by destructive sampling in 2009WS and 2010DS seasons, and by NDVI in 2010DS-ROS.

<p>Arrows indicate dates that the experiment was re-watered. No significant differences were observed between lines within a BIL pair on any sampling date.</p