Drugs, alcohol, and criminal behaviour : a profile of inmates in canadian federal institutions

The scientific literature often mentions that there is a statistical connection between alcohol and drug consumption and criminal behaviour. However, there is little information available which would make it possible to quantify this connection, and specify the impact that drugs and alcohol have on criminal behaviour. Consumption of psychoactive substances has two major effects: intoxication and addiction. These effects are related, respectively, to the psycho-pharmacological and economic-compulsive models of the connection between drugs and crime. The first model associates drug use and intoxication with a decrease in cognitive functions and a lack of self-control, leading to aggressive impulses, violence and lack of inhibitions. The second model refers to the huge costs that are associated with being addicted to certain drugs. A person addicted to these drugs would need to engage in lucrative criminal activities in order to pay for them. This article explores and attempts to further define the links between alcohol, illicit drugs and criminal behaviour, taking into account the types of drugs consumed and the types of criminal behaviour displayed

Les drogues, l’alcool et la criminalité : profil des détenus fédéraux canadiens

Il est souvent fait mention dans la documentation scientifique d’une association statistique entre la consommation d’alcool, de drogues illicites et la criminalité. Cependant, on trouve peu d’information permettant d’estimer l’importance de cette relation et de la préciser. La consommation de substances psychoactives se caractérise par deux propriétés importantes, soit une éventuelle intoxication et la dépendance. Ces deux propriétés renvoient respectivement aux modèles psycho-pharmacologique et économico-compulsif tentant d’expliquer la relation drogue-crime. Le premier modèle associe l’usage et l’intoxication à une diminution de la performance des fonctions cognitives et de contrôle donnant libre cours, entre autres, aux pulsions agressives et à la violence. On réfère ainsi souvent aux théories de la désinhibition. Le deuxième modèle fait référence à l’énorme pression économique qui repose sur les épaules d’un consommateur dépendant de certaines drogues, et à la nécessité d’exercer des activités criminelles lucratives dans le but de se procurer l’argent nécessaire à la consommation. Cet article explore les liens entre la consommation d’alcool, de drogues illicites et la criminalité, en cherchant à les préciser en tenant compte d’une part du type de substances et d’autre part du type de criminalité en question

The Effectiveness of Incarceration-Based Drug Treatment on Criminal Behavior: A Systematic Review

Many, if not most, incarcerated offenders have substance abuse problems. Without effective treatment, these substance-abusing offenders are likely to persist in non-drug offending. The period of incarceration offers an opportunity to intervene in the cycle of drug abuse and crime. Although many types of incarceration-based drug treatment programs are available (e.g., therapeutic communities and group counseling), the effectiveness of these programs is unclear. The objective of this research synthesis is to systematically review quasi-experimental and experimental (RCT) evaluations of the effectiveness of incarceration-based drug treatment programs in reducing post-release recidivism and drug relapse. A secondary objective of this synthesis is to examine variation in effectiveness by programmatic, sample, and methodological features. In this update of the original 2006 review (see Mitchell, Wilson, and MacKenzie, 2006), studies made available since the original review were included in an effort to keep current with emerging research. This synthesis of evaluations of incarceration-based drug treatment programs found that such programs are modestly effective in reducing recidivism. These findings most strongly support the effectiveness of therapeutic communities, as these programs produced relatively consistent reductions in recidivism and drug use. Both counseling and incarceration-based narcotic maintenance programs had mixed effects. Counseling programs were associated with reductions in recidivism but not drug use; whereas, incarceration-based narcotic maintenance programs were associated with reductions in drug use but not recidivism. Note that our findings regarding the effectiveness of incarceration-based narcotic maintenance programs differ from a larger review of community-based narcotic maintenance programs (see Egli, Pina, Christensen, Aebi, and Killias, 2009). Finally, boot camp programs for drug offenders had negligible effects on both recidivism and drug use