Statistics of light in Raman and Brillouin nonlinear couplers

Statistical properties of optical fields in nonlinear couplers composed of two waveguides in which Raman or Brillouin processes (with classical pumping) are in operation and which are mutually connected through the Stokes and/or anti-Stokes linear interactions are investigated within the framework of generalized superposition of coherent fields and quantum noise. Heisenberg equations describing the couplers are solved both analytically under special conditions and numerically in general cases. Regimes for nonclassical properties of optical fields, such as sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics, negative reduced moments of integrated intensity and squeezing of quadrature fluctuations are discussed for the cases of single and compound fields. General results are compared with those from short-length approximation.Comment: LATEX, 20 pages, 19 PostScript figure

The extended structure of the dwarf irregular galaxy Sagittarius

We present a detailed study of the stellar and HI structure of the dwarf irregular galaxy Sagittarius. We use new deep and wide field photometry to trace the surface brightness profile of the galaxy out to ~5.0' (corresponding to ~1600 pc) and down to $\mu_V\simeq 30.0$ mag/arcsec$^2$, thus showing that the stellar body of the galaxy is much more extended than previously believed, and it is similarly (or more) extended than the overall HI distribution. The whole major-axis profile is consistent with a pure exponential, with a scale radius of $\simeq 340$ pc. The surface density maps reveal that the distribution of old and intermediate-age stars is smooth and remarkably flattened out to its edges, while the associated HI has a much rounder shape, is off-centred and presents multiple density maxima and a significant hole. No clear sign of systemic rotation is detectable in the complex HI velocity field. No metallicity gradient is detected in the old and intermediate age population of the galaxy, and we confirm that this population has a much more extended distribution than young stars (age$\lt 1$ Gyr).Comment: 11 pages, 14 figures, accepted for publication on A&A. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1404.169

Quantum versus classical descriptions of sub-Poissonian light generation in three-wave mixing

Sub-Poissonian light generation in the non-degenerate three-wave mixing is studied numerically and analytically within quantum and classical approaches. Husimi Q-functions and their classical trajectory simulations are analysed to reveal a special regime corresponding to the time-stable sub-Poissonian photocount statistics of the sum-frequency mode. Conditions for observation of this regime are discussed. Theoretical predictions of the Fano factor and explanation of the extraordinary stabilization of the sub-Poissonian photocount behavior are obtained analytically by applying the classical trajectories. Scaling laws for the maximum sub-Poissonian behavior are found. Noise suppression levels in the non-degenerate vs degenerate three-wave mixing are discussed on different time scales compared to the revival times. It is shown that the non-degenerate conversion offers much better stabilization of the suppressed noise in comparison to that of degenerate process.Comment: 9 pages, 12 figures, to be published in J. Optics

The extended structure of the dwarf irregular galaxies Sextans A and Sextans B. Signatures of tidal distortion in the outskirts of the Local Group

We present a detailed study of the stellar and HI structure of the dwarf irregular galaxies SextansA and SextansB, members of the NGC3109 association. We use newly obtained deep (r~26.5) and wide field g,r photometry to extend the Surface Brightness (SB) profiles of the two galaxies down to mu_V~ 31.0 mag/arcsec^2. We find that both galaxies are significantly more extended than what previously traced with surface photometry, out to ~4 kpc from their centers along their major axis. Older stars are found to have more extended distribution with respect to younger populations. We obtain the first estimate of the mean metallicity for the old stars in SexB, from the color distribution of the Red Giant Branch, =-1.6. The SB profiles show significant changes of slope and cannot be fitted with a single Sersic model. Both galaxies have HI discs as massive as their respective stellar components. In both cases the HI discs display solid-body rotation with maximum amplitude of ~50 km/s (albeit with significant uncertainty due to the poorly constrained inclination), implying a dynamical mass ~10^{9}~M_sun, a mass-to-light ratio M/L_V~25 and a dark-to-barionic mass ratio of ~10. The distribution of the stellar components is more extended than the gaseous disc in both galaxies. We find that the main, approximately round-shaped, stellar body of Sex~A is surrounded by an elongated low-SB stellar halo that can be interpreted as a tidal tail, similar to that found in another member of the same association (Antlia). We discuss these, as well as other evidences of tidal disturbance, in the framework of a past passage of the NGC3109 association close to the Milky Way, that has been hypothesized by several authors and is also supported by the recently discovered filamentary configuration of the association itself.Comment: Accepted for publication by A&A. PdfLateX, 16 pages, 11 figures, 2 appendice

Entanglement of bosonic modes of nonplanar molecules

Entanglement of bosonic modes of material oscillators is studied in the context of two bilinearly coupled, nonlinear oscillators. These oscillators are realizable in the vibrational-cum-bending motions of C-H bonds in dihalomethanes. The bilinear coupling gives rise to invariant subspaces in the Hilbert space of the two oscillators. The number of separable states in any invariant subspace is one more than the dimension of the space. The dynamics of the oscillators when the initial state belongs to an invariant subspace is studied. In particular, the dynamics of the system when the initial state is such that the total energy is concentrated in one of the modes is studied and compared with the evolution of the system when the initial state is such wherein the modes share the total energy. The dynamics of quantities such as entropy, mean of number of quanta in the two modes and variances in the quadratures of the two modes are studied. Possibility of generating maximally entangled states is indicated.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figure

An HST/WFPC2 Survey of Bright Young Clusters in M31 III. Structural Parameters

Surface brightness profiles for 23 M31 star clusters were measured using images from the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 on the Hubble Space Telescope, and fit to two types of models to determine the clusters' structural properties. The clusters are primarily young (~10^8 yr) and massive (~10^4.5 solar masses), with median half-light radius 7 pc and dissolution times of a few Gyr. The properties of the M31 clusters are comparable to those of clusters of similar age in the Magellanic Clouds. Simulated star clusters are used to derive a conversion from statistical measures of cluster size to half-light radius so that the extragalactic clusters can be compared to young massive clusters in the Milky Way. All three sets of star clusters fall approximately on the same age-size relation. The young M31 clusters are expected to dissolve within a few Gyr and will not survive to become old, globular clusters. However, they do appear to follow the same fundamental plane relations as old clusters; if confirmed with velocity dispersion measurements, this would be a strong indication that the star cluster fundamental plane reflects universal cluster formation conditions.Comment: AJ in press; 37 pages, 12 figure

The 1/N-expansion, quantum-classical correspondence and nonclassical states generation in dissipative higher-order anharmonic oscillators

We develop a method for the determination of thecdynamics of dissipative quantum systems in the limit of large number of quanta N, based on the 1/N-expansion of Heidmann et al. [ Opt. Commun. 54, 189 (1985) ] and the quantum-classical correspondence. Using this method, we find analytically the dynamics of nonclassical states generation in the higher-order anharmonic dissipative oscillators for an arbitrary temperature of a reservoir. We show that the quantum correction to the classical motion increases with time quadratically up to some maximal value, which is dependent on the degree of nonlinearity and a damping constant, and then it decreases. Similarities and differences with the corresponding behavior of the quantum corrections to the classical motion in the Hamiltonian chaotic systems are discussed. We also compare our results obtained for some limiting cases with the results obtained by using other semiclassical tools and discuss the conditions for validity of our approach.Comment: 15 pages, RevTEX (EPSF-style), 3 figs. Replaced with final version (stylistic corrections

Generation of squeezed light in a nonlinear asymmetric directional coupler

We show that a nonlinear asymmetric directional coupler composed of a linear waveguide and a nonlinear waveguide operating by nondegenerate parametric amplification is an effective source of single-mode squeezed light. This is has been demonstrated, under certain conditions and for specific modes, for incident coherent beams in terms of the quasiprobability functions, photon-number distribution and phase distribution.Comment: 19 pages, 5 figure

An HST/WFPC Survey of Bright Young Clusters in M31. II. Photometry of Less Luminous Clusters in the Fields

We report on the properties of 89 low mass star clusters located in the vicinity of luminous young clusters (blue globulars) in the disk of M31. 82 of the clusters are newly detected. We have determined their integrated magnitudes and colors, based on a series of Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field/Planetary Camera 2 exposures in blue and red (HST filters F450W and F814W). The integrated apparent magnitudes range from F450W = 17.5 to 22.5, and the colors indicate a wide range of ages. Stellar color-magnitude diagrams for all clusters were obtained and those with bright enough stars were fit to theoretical isochrones to provide age estimates. The ages range from 12 Myr to >500 Myr. Reddenings, which average E(F450 - F814) = 0.59 with a dispersion of 0.21 magnitudes, were derived from the main sequence fitting for those clusters. Comparison of these ages and integrated colors with single population theoretical models with solar abundances suggests a color offset of 0.085 magnitudes at the ages tested. Estimated ages for the remaining clusters are based on their measured colors. The age-frequency diagram shows a steep decline of number with age, with a large decrease in number per age interval between the youngest and the oldest clusters detected.Comment: 20 pages, 9 figure

Citronella essential oil in the control and activation of coffee plants defense response against rust and brown eye spot.

Objetivou-se avaliar o óleo essencial de citronela no controle da ferrugem e cercosporiose e na ativação de respostas de defesa em cafeeiro