Teaching the topic Human nutrition through learning by research and basic principles of choice theory and quality school

Nepravilna prehrana je sve veći problem u modernim društvima, a javlja se već kod djece i adolescenata. Glavni cilj ovog rada je ukazati na metode i oblike poučavanja pomoću kojih se može osvijestiti važnost pravilne prehrane kod djece osnovnoškolskog uzrasta. Provedeno je učeničko istraživanje prehrane učenika petog i sedmog razreda osnovne škole, kako bi se utvrdio dnevni broj obroka i raznolikost prehrane učenika, a na osnovu rezultata istraživanja, učenike se - kroz prilagodbu nastavnih aktivnosti interesima učenika - vodilo u učenju o zdravim prehrambenim navikama. Rezultati učeničkog istraživanja pokazali su da učenici koji su sudjelovali u istraživanju konzumiraju najmanje tri obroka i barem jednu vrstu voća ili povrća dnevno, što povezujemo s prethodnim istraživanjima koja tumače da na prehrambene navike djece i mladih uvelike utječu različiti okolišni čimbenici, poput prehrambenih navika roditelja, tradicije i medija. Rezultati učeničkog istraživanja poslužili su kao osnova za daljnje poučavanje o temi pravilne prehrane čovjeka, odnosno za izgradnju predviđenih bioloških koncepata i učeničkih stavova te za razvijanje sposobnosti primjene usvojenih znanja o prehrani na primjerima iz svakodnevnog života. Kroz sve nastavne aktivnosti opisane u ovom radu, učenici su pokazali interes za temu pravilne prehrane i voljni su razviti zdravije prehrambene navike, a mi iznosimo mišljenje da bi se to moglo i postići primjenom osnovnih načela kvalitetne škole i teorije izbora u nastavi, koji se temelje na tome da učenici samostalno odabiru svoje buduće ponašanje i/ili korigiraju postojeće navike temeljem informacija koje samostalno prikupe i obrade. U jednom dijelu ovog istraživanja, nastavni sadržaj je prilagođen interesu učenika, što je rezultiralo velikom aktivnošću učenika, ukazujući na pozitivne učinke primjene načela kvalitetne škole i teorije izbora u nastavi biologije. Sugeriramo da bi sudjelovanje učenika u kreiranju nastave vjerojatno pomoglo u stvaranju kvalitetnijeg odnosa između učenika i nastavnika i pozitivnijeg okruženja za učenje, što je također jedna od osnovnih postavki kvalitetne škole. Također, veća uključenost učenika u kreiranje nastave može poslužiti i kao podrška u izgradnji (pozitivnih) stavova učenika, odnosno kao poticaj na pozitivne promjene u ponašanju (izboru prehrambenih namirnica) učenika. Nadalje, temeljem rezultata ovog istraživanja, predlažemo da nastavnici detaljno bilježe učeničku aktivnost tijekom nastavnih sati, što bi im moglo pomoći u samoprocjeni vlastitog rada, kao i u procjeni učeničkog interesa za pojedine nastavne teme i oblike rada.Malnutrition is a growing problem in modern societies and is already occurring among children and adolescents. The main goal of this study was to point out the methods and forms of teaching that can be used to raise awareness of the importance of healthy nutrition among primary school students. Student research on the nutrition of fifth and seventh grade elementary school students was conducted to investigate the daily meals and the diversity of students’ nutrition. Based on the research results, by adapting teaching activities to students\u27 interests, students were guided in learning about healthy eating habits. The results of student research showed that students who participated in the study daily consumed at least three meals and at least one type of fruit or vegetable. We link these findings to previous research explaining that children\u27s and young people\u27s eating habits are greatly influenced by various environmental factors, such as parents\u27 eating habits, traditions and media. The results of the student research served as a basis for further teaching on the topic of healthy human nutrition, i.e. for building predicted biological concepts and student attitudes, and for developing the ability of applying the acquired knowledge about nutrition on everyday life examples. During the teaching activities, students expressed their interest in the topic of healthy nutrition and in developing healthier eating habits. We are of opinion that this could be achieved by applying the basic principles of quality school and theory of choice during teaching, which is based on students independently choosing their future behavior and/or on correcting their existing habits, based on information they independently collect and process. In one part of this research, the teaching content was adjusted to the student interests, which resulted in increased student activity, pointing to the positive effects of applying the principles of quality school and choice theory in teaching biology. We suggest that student participation in creating lessons would probably help to create a better relationship between students and teachers and a more positive learning environment, which is also one of the quality school basic settings. In addition, greater student involvement in creating lessons can support building (positive) student attitudes or encourage positive changes in behavior (food choices) of students. Furthermore, based on the results of this research, we suggest that teachers record student activity in detail during classes. It could help them in self-assessment of their work, as well as in assessing student interest in certain teaching topics and forms of work

Autism spectrum disorder – what are the relations with inherited metabolic diseases?

Poremećaj iz spektra autizma (PSA) kompleksan je neurobiološki poremećaj koji započinje u ranom djetinjstvu i obilježen je poteškoćama u socijalnoj interakciji, komunikaciji uz ograničene, ponavljajuće obrasce ponašanja. Ima širok spektar različitih simptoma. Epidemiološka istraživanja pokazuju trend snažnog rasta godišnje prevalencije PSA-a. Genetska podloga bolesti definirana je kod oko 10 – 20% pacijenata. Etiološka osnova PSA-a predmet je brojnih istraživanja, a tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina fokus mnogih studija usmjeren je na mehanizme epigenetske disregulacije. PSA je prema današnjim spoznajama multifaktorska bolest, a nastaje kao rezultat interakcije različitih genetskih i okolišnih čimbenika. Ovi čimbenici utječu na specifične neuronske krugove, oksidativni stres, neuroinflamaciju i disfunkciju mitohondrija. Time se remeti razvoj živčanog sustava, stvaranje sinapsi, povezanost između regija mozga i veličina mozga. Nesindromska forma PSA-a odnosi se na pojedince koji osim kliničkih elemenata PSA-a nemaju druga pridružena obilježja. Prevalencija nasljednih metaboličkih bolesti povezanih s nesindromskim PSA-om je niska (<0,5%) i stoga ukazuje na slabu isplativost sustavne metaboličke obrade istih. Glavni biokemijski mehanizmi predloženi u PSA-u uključuju disfunkciju mitohondrija, oksidativni stres, oslabljen kapacitet metilacije i promijenjeni metabolizam aminokiselina. Metabolomičkom dijagnostikom mogu se pratiti brze dnevne varijacije u metaboličkim procesima, čime se može procijeniti složen odnos između etiologije bolesti i fiziologije organizma pružajući sveobuhvatan funkcionalni fenotip, no primjena metabolomičkih analiza u kliničkoj praksi još je daleko od primjene u kliničkoj dijagnostičkoj rutini.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurobiological disorder that begins in early childhood and is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication with limited, repetitive patterns of behavior. It has a wide spectrum of different symptoms. Epidemiological studies suggested a trend of strong growth in the annual prevalence of ASD. The genetic basis of the disease is defined in about 10–20% of patients. The etiological basis of ASD is the subject of numerous studies, and during the last twenty years the focus of many studies has been on the mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation. According to today’s knowledge, ASD is a multifactorial disease, which arises as a result of the interaction of various genetic and environmental factors. These factors affect specific neuronal circuits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction. This disrupts the development of the nervous system, the formation of synapses, the connection between brain regions and the size of the brain. The non-syndromic form of ASD refers to individuals who, apart from the clinical elements of ASD, have no other associated features. The prevalence of hereditary metabolic diseases associated with nonsyndromic ASD is low (<0.5%) and therefore indicates a low cost-effectiveness of systemic metabolic treatment. The main biochemical mechanisms proposed in ASD include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired methylation capacity, and altered amino acid metabolism. Metabolomic diagnostics can monitor rapid daily variations in metabolic processes, which can assess the complex relationship between the etiology of the disease and the physiology of the organism, providing a comprehensive functional phenotype, but the application of metabolomic analyzes in clinical practice is still far from being used in clinical diagnostic routine

When do you think that the cause of the problem is vitamin B12 deficiency?

Vitamin B12 nalazi se prvenstveno u životinjskim proizvodima uključujući mliječne proizvode, jaja, meso i ribu. Vegani i neki vegetarijanci imaju ograničen unos vitamina B12. Prenatalno snižen vitamin B12 ili nizak unos tijekom trudnoće dovodi do niskih fetalnih zaliha B12 i niskih razina u majčinom mlijeku. Vitamin B12 ključan je za rast i razvoj djeteta, a posebno za neurorazvoj. Klinički znakovi nedostatka vitamina B12 kod dojenčadi obično se javljaju u prvih nekoliko mjeseci života u vidu razvojne regresije, razdražljivosti, poteškoća s hranjenjem, hipotonije i nenapredovanja na težini. Iako simptomi kod dojenčadi mogu početi rano, dijagnoza nedostatka vitamina B12 često se postavlja sa zakašnjenjem. Rana dijagnoza i intervencija kod nedostatka vitamina B12 ključni su u sprječavanju mogućih ireverzibilnih neuroloških oštećenja, megaloblastične anemije i zastoja u razvoju. Za mjerenje razine B12 uobičajeno se koristi ukupna koncentracija B12 u plazmi ili serumu jer se lako i jeftino mjeri u većini laboratorija. Nije utvrđena jedinstvena općeprihvaćena granična vrijednost za nedostatak B12. Donje granične vrijednosti prema raznim studijama kreću se od 138 do 260 pmol/l za prve dvije godine života. Nedostatak se povremeno može vidjeti i kod osoba s koncentracijama B12 unutar normalnog raspona, a takvi se slučajevi mogu objasniti fiziološki neaktivnim i promjenjivim udjelom B12 vezanog na proteinski nosač haptokorin. U perspektivi bi bilo potrebno da se definiraju nove granične vrijednosti B12 ovisne o dobi ako se B12 u plazmi koristi kao primarni test probira za poboljšanje dijagnoze nedostatka B12.Vitamin B12 is found primarily in animal products including dairy products, eggs, meat and fish. Vegans and some vegetarians have a limited intake of B12. Prenatally low vitamin B12 or low intake during pregnancy leads to low fetal B12 stores and low levels in breast milk. Vitamin B12 is crucial for the growth and development of the child, and especially for neurodevelopment. Clinical signs of vitamin B12 deficiency in infants usually appear in the first few months of life in the form of developmental regression, irritability, feeding difficulties, hypotonia and failure to gain weight. Although symptoms in infants may begin early, the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency is often delayed. Early diagnosis and intervention in vitamin B12 deficiency are crucial in preventing possible irreversible neurological damage, megaloblastic anemia and developmental delay. Total B12 concentration in plasma or serum is commonly used to measure B12 levels because it is easily and inexpensively measured in most laboratories. There is no single universally accepted threshold value for B12 deficiency. According to various studies, the lower limit values range from 138 to 260 pmol/l for the first two years of life. Deficiency can occasionally be seen in people with B12 concentrations within the normal range, and such cases can be explained by the physiologically inactive and variable proportion of B12 bound to the protein carrier haptocorin. In perspective, it would be necessary to define new age-dependent B12 cutoff values if plasma B12 is used as a primary screening test to improve the diagnosis of B12 deficienc

The prevalence of maternal, placental and obstetric pathology in pregnancies and births of very low birth weight infants

Cilj: Ispitati prevalenciju maternalne, placentalne i porođajne patologije u nedonoščadi vrlo male rodne mase. Ispitanici i Metode: Grupu ispitanika čine sve majke čije su trudnoće završile porodom žive nedonoščadi vrlo male rodne mase u Kliničkom bolničkom centru Osijek od 2015. do 2019. godine. Podatci su prikupljeni iz medicinske dokumentacije i bolnič kog informacijskog sustava te obrađeni računalnim programom R, verzija 3.5. Rezultati: Incidencija poroda nedonoščadi vrlo male rodne mase iznosila je 2,8 %. Među majčinim komorbiditetima ističu se hipertenzivni poremećaji (20,6 %), anemija (8,1 %) i hipotireoza (10,3 %). Najučestalija prethodna ginekološka oboljenja majki bili su miomi (3,3 %). Zabilježene majčine infekcije bile su intraamnijske infekcije (26,5 %), urinarne (10,3 %) te nespecificirane infekcije (10,7 %). Neki oblik abrupcije posteljice imalo je 9,9 % majki. Kod nedonoščadi najčešći patološki stav ploda bio je stav zdjelicom (16,5 % slučajeva). U opstetričkih komplikacija najveću prevalenciju imali su prijevremeno prsnuće vodenjaka (37,1 %), mekonijska plodna voda (18,4 %), oligohidramnion (11,4 %) i predstojeća asfiksija (14,3 %). Zaključ ak: Ovom studijom istaknute su učestale komplikacije trudnoća i poroda nedonoščadi vrlo male rodne mase. Izdvajanjem najučestalije patologije, ovom presječnom studijom olakšano je generiranje hipoteze za daljnje prospektivne studije koje bi potencijalno utvrdile uzročno-posljedičnu vezu među istaknutim patološkim stanjima.Objective: To examine the prevalence of maternal, placental and obstetric pathology in very low birth weight infants.Subjects and Methods: The group of respondents consists of all mothers whose pregnancies ended with the birth of live very low birth weight infants at the Clinical Hospital Center Osijek from 2015 to 2019. Data were collected from medical records and the hospital information system and processed by computer program R, very low birth weight version 3.5. Results: The incidence of births of very low birth weight preterm infants was 2.8%. Among maternal comorbidities, hypertensive disorders (20.6%), anemia (8.1%) and hypothyroidism (10.3%) stand out, whereas the most common previous maternal gynecological diseases were fibroids (3.3%). The most present maternal infections were intraamniotic infections (26.5%), urinary tract infections (10.3%), and unspecified infections (10.7%). 9.9% of mothers had some form of placental abruption. In preterm infants, the most common pathological position of the fetus was the pelvic presentation (16.5% of cases). Considering obstetric complications, premature rupture of amniotic fluid (37.1%), meconium amniotic fluid (18.4%), oligohydramnios (11.4%) and impending asphyxia (14.3%) were highly prevalent. Conclusions: This study highlighted the frequent complications of pregnancies that term with birth of very low birth weight infant. By emphasising the most common pathologies, we can facilitate the formulation of the hypothesis for further prospective studies that would potentially establish a causal relationship between these pathological conditions

Which questionnaires should we use to evaluate quality of life in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease?

Aim To investigate the ability of two standard quality of life (QOL) questionnaires – The Short Form (36-item) Health Survey (SF-36) and The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire- Core 30 (EORTC QLQ C30) to evaluate QOL in patients with chronic graft-vs-host disease (cGVHD) graded according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria. Methods In this cross-sectional study, QOL was assessed in patients who underwent allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) at the University Hospital Centre Zagreb and were alive and in complete remission for more than one year after allo-SCT. Results The study included 58 patients, 38 patients with cGVHD and 20 controls, patients without cGVHD. Patients with cGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria had significantly lower scores of global health status and lower QOL on all SF-36 subscales and most of QLQ C30 functional subscales (P < 0.050 for all comparisons). Furthermore, patients with active cGVHD had significantly lower QOL scores than patients with inactive cGVHD, and this difference was most evident in physical functioning subscale of SF-36 (P = 0.0007) and social functioning subscale of QLQ C30 (P = 0.009). Conclusion cGVHD scored according to the NIH criteria is correlated with patient-reported QOL, particularly in the physical domains as detected by SF-36. QLQ C30 questionnaire adds more information on social functioning and should be used as a valuable tool in the evaluation of social domains in cGVHD patients

Overview of Oracles in the Ancient World

U ovom diplomskom radu napravljen je pregled najznačajnijih proročišta koja su djelovala u doba antike. To su Delfi, Dodona, Del, Didima i Kuma. Na početku rada objašnjeno je što su proročišta i proročanstva te zašto je ljudima u antici utvrđivanje volje bogova bilo od posebnog značaja za njihove svakodnevne živote. Objašnjena je razlika između proročanstva i znamenja. Prije prelaska na pregled svakog pojedinog proročišta objašnjeni su najčešći oblici proricanja prakticirani u proročištima, a to su mantički trans i proricanje ždrijebom. Ukratko su predstavljeni antički pisci koji su glavni izvori informacija za grčka proročišta, a koji su korišteni prilikom pisanja ovog rada. Svako proročište zatim je obrađeno kroz nekoliko najvažnijih elemenata za njegovo djelovanje. Opisan je geografski položaj proročišta, njegov mitski osnutak, načini proricanja koji su se u njemu koristili, povijest proročišta, arheološka istraživanja te najvažnije građevine i spomenici koji su se nalazili unutar njega. Pitanje koje je posebno istraženo u ovom diplomskom radu je društvena uloga koju su proročišta imala tijekom vremena njihova djelovanja. Analizirano je zašto su proročišta bila integralan dio grčke religije i zašto su im se obraćali obični građani jednako kao i veliki državnici. Objašnjeno je kako su pozitivni ishodi nakon postupanja po smjernicama proročišta zauzvrat jačali ugled proročišta. Opisano je na koji su način pojedinci, gradovi te savezi gradova-država darivali bogove u znak zahvalnosti te kako su proročišta s vremenom postala mjesta od međunarodnog ugleda, a prinosi proročištima nov oblik natjecanja među aristokratskim obiteljima i gradovima-državama. Navedeni su najznačajniji zavjetni darovi. Analizirano je i zašto su ne-grčki vladari unatoč svojoj nepovezanosti s grčkim bogovima bili motivirani posjećivati ova proročišta i pronositi zavjetne darove.This thesis provides an overview of the most significant oracles that operated during antiquity. These include Delphi, Dodona, Delos, Didyma, and Cumae. The introduction explains what oracles and prophecies are and why determining the will of the gods was particularly important for people in antiquity. The distinction between prophecy and signs is also elucidated. Before delving into the specifics of each oracle, the most common forms of divination practiced in oracles are explained, including mantic trance and divination by lots. The ancient writers who are the main sources of information for Greek oracles, and who were used in writing this thesis, are briefly introduced. Each oracle is then examined through several key elements for its operation. This includes describing the geographical location of the oracle, its mythical foundation, the methods of divination used there, the history of the oracle, archaeological research, and the most important buildings and monuments located within it. A particular focus of this thesis is the social role that oracles played during their time of operation. It analyzes why oracles were an integral part of Greek religion and why they were consulted by ordinary citizens as well as prominent statesmen. It explains how positive outcomes after following the guidance of an oracle enhanced the reputation of the oracle in return. The thesis describes how individuals, cities, and alliances of city-states offered gifts to the gods as a sign of gratitude, and how oracles became internationally renowned over time, with offerings to oracles becoming a new form of competition among aristocratic families and city-states. The most significant votive offerings are listed. The thesis also analyzes why non Greek rulers, despite their lack of connection to Greek gods, were motivated to visit these oracles and make votive offerings

Didacticization of the literary work „We Children from Zoo Station“ in teaching the Topic of Deviance

Ovaj diplomski rad obrađuje upotrebu književnog djela i rada na primjerima iz stvarnog života interpretiranim u književnom djelu Mi djeca s kolodvora Zoo na nastavi Sociologije u srednjoj školi. Cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je istražiti je li primjena metode korištenja književnog djela i rada na primjerima iz stvarnog života tematiziranim u književnom djelu uspješna u nastavi Sociologije i obradi teme devijantnosti. Prvi dio rada donosi teorijsku osnovu za istraživanje i tu su obrađeni osnovni pojmovi vezani uz devijantnost te njena sociološka objašnjenja. Drugi dio diplomskog rada bavi se prednostima uporabe književnog djela prilikom poučavanja srednjoškolskih socioloških sadržaja, odnosno koristima integracije književnog djela i primjera iz stvarnog života u nastavu sociologije što može biti odlična dopuna srednjoškolskom udžbeniku. U trećem dijelu diplomskog rada predstavljena je metodologija i rezultati akcijskog istraživanja provedenog u jednom trećem razredu gimnazije. Nastava je zamišljena na način da se uz pomoć literarnog predloška rade socijalni profili protagonista u knjizi kao oblik praćenja ključnih socioloških obilježja pojedinaca. Korištenjem ove tehnike htjelo se s učenicima doći do zaključka kako je pojava devijantnog ponašanja rezultat niza različitih društvenih uvjeta, čimbenika i situacija koje osobu potiču na kršenje normi. U posljednjem dijelu diplomskog rada analiziraju se dva nastavna sata provedena u svrhu istraživanja te navode ograničenja i buduće implikacije za ovakva istraživanja.This thesis explores the use of a literary work and real-life examples in teaching Sociology in high school. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the effectiveness of using literary works and real-life examples in Sociology classes, specifically in the context of teaching about Deviance. The first part of the thesis provides the theoretical foundation for the research, covering the basic concepts related to deviance and its sociological explanations. The second part discusses the advantages of using literary works in teaching high school Sociology, highlighting the benefits of integrating literature and real-life examples into the Sociology curriculum as a valuable supplement to textbooks. The third part presents the methodology and results of an action research conducted in a third-year high school class. The teaching approach involved creating social profiles of the protagonists in the book „We Children from Zoo Station“ using the literary template to track key sociological characteristics of individuals. By using this technique, we aimed to demonstrate to students that deviant behavior is the result of a variety of social conditions, factors, and situations that encourage norm violations. The final part of the thesis analyzes two lessons conducted for the research and outlines the limitations of this type of study

Autism spectrum disorder – what are the relations with inherited metabolic diseases?

Poremećaj iz spektra autizma (PSA) kompleksan je neurobiološki poremećaj koji započinje u ranom djetinjstvu i obilježen je poteškoćama u socijalnoj interakciji, komunikaciji uz ograničene, ponavljajuće obrasce ponašanja. Ima širok spektar različitih simptoma. Epidemiološka istraživanja pokazuju trend snažnog rasta godišnje prevalencije PSA-a. Genetska podloga bolesti definirana je kod oko 10 – 20% pacijenata. Etiološka osnova PSA-a predmet je brojnih istraživanja, a tijekom posljednjih dvadesetak godina fokus mnogih studija usmjeren je na mehanizme epigenetske disregulacije. PSA je prema današnjim spoznajama multifaktorska bolest, a nastaje kao rezultat interakcije različitih genetskih i okolišnih čimbenika. Ovi čimbenici utječu na specifične neuronske krugove, oksidativni stres, neuroinflamaciju i disfunkciju mitohondrija. Time se remeti razvoj živčanog sustava, stvaranje sinapsi, povezanost između regija mozga i veličina mozga. Nesindromska forma PSA-a odnosi se na pojedince koji osim kliničkih elemenata PSA-a nemaju druga pridružena obilježja. Prevalencija nasljednih metaboličkih bolesti povezanih s nesindromskim PSA-om je niska (<0,5%) i stoga ukazuje na slabu isplativost sustavne metaboličke obrade istih. Glavni biokemijski mehanizmi predloženi u PSA-u uključuju disfunkciju mitohondrija, oksidativni stres, oslabljen kapacitet metilacije i promijenjeni metabolizam aminokiselina. Metabolomičkom dijagnostikom mogu se pratiti brze dnevne varijacije u metaboličkim procesima, čime se može procijeniti složen odnos između etiologije bolesti i fiziologije organizma pružajući sveobuhvatan funkcionalni fenotip, no primjena metabolomičkih analiza u kliničkoj praksi još je daleko od primjene u kliničkoj dijagnostičkoj rutini.Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurobiological disorder that begins in early childhood and is characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication with limited, repetitive patterns of behavior. It has a wide spectrum of different symptoms. Epidemiological studies suggested a trend of strong growth in the annual prevalence of ASD. The genetic basis of the disease is defined in about 10–20% of patients. The etiological basis of ASD is the subject of numerous studies, and during the last twenty years the focus of many studies has been on the mechanisms of epigenetic dysregulation. According to today’s knowledge, ASD is a multifactorial disease, which arises as a result of the interaction of various genetic and environmental factors. These factors affect specific neuronal circuits, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction. This disrupts the development of the nervous system, the formation of synapses, the connection between brain regions and the size of the brain. The non-syndromic form of ASD refers to individuals who, apart from the clinical elements of ASD, have no other associated features. The prevalence of hereditary metabolic diseases associated with nonsyndromic ASD is low (<0.5%) and therefore indicates a low cost-effectiveness of systemic metabolic treatment. The main biochemical mechanisms proposed in ASD include mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, impaired methylation capacity, and altered amino acid metabolism. Metabolomic diagnostics can monitor rapid daily variations in metabolic processes, which can assess the complex relationship between the etiology of the disease and the physiology of the organism, providing a comprehensive functional phenotype, but the application of metabolomic analyzes in clinical practice is still far from being used in clinical diagnostic routine