“Control-Alt-Delete”: Rebooting Solutions for the E-Waste Problem

A number of efforts have been launched to solve the global electronic waste (e-waste) problem. The efficiency of e-waste recycling is subject to variable national legislation, technical capacity, consumer participation, and even detoxification. E-waste management activities result in procedural irregularities and risk disparities across national boundaries. We review these variables to reveal opportunities for research and policy to reduce the risks from accumulating e-waste and ineffective recycling. Full regulation and consumer participation should be controlled and reinforced to improve local e-waste system. Aiming at standardizing best practice, we alter and identify modular recycling process and infrastructure in eco-industrial parks that will be expectantly effective in countries and regions to handle the similar e-waste stream. Toxicity can be deleted through material substitution and detoxification during the life cycle of electronics. Based on the idea of "Control-Alt-Delete", four patterns of the way forward for global e-waste recycling are proposed to meet a variety of local situations

Introduction of flipped learning in teaching Technical Drawing and Graphics and Computer Aided Design

[EN] Students of the Degree in Industrial Design and Product Development Engineering of the University Jaume I of Castellón (Spain) received an integrated training in the subject of Technical Drawing and Graphics (TDG) and Computer Aided Design (CAD) through 4 one-semester courses: Technical Drawing and Graphics I & II of 1st year and Computer Aided Design I and II (CADI and CADII), completed in 2nd and 3rd year respectively. While the first subject (TDGI) focuses on the fundamentals of representation systems and on the knowledge of volumetric forms and elementary surfaces, the following three subjects (TDGII, CADI and CADII) are focused on developing the abilities needed to sketch (TDGII) and create engineering technical drawings with CAD applications. TDGII deepens the sketch, focusing on proportionality, language and graphic representation techniques for engineering technical drawings, being these skills extended in CADI and CADII through the use of 2D and 3D CAD systems. Considering this framework, TDGII, CADI and CADII courses have been coordinating for several years, sharing a general structure of the common teaching-learning process. The original structure of these classes included a standard lecture format and practical sessions where students worked different types of exercises, including the development of a graphic project. Teachers¿ experience over the years and students¿ opinion have allowed authors to recognize main drawbacks of the standard class structure. Firstly, standard lecture format is not attractive for students. Secondly, due to the differences in the previous training of students (some have already used some CAD software) the levels with which they start the classes may not be homogeneous, which means that some of them may arrive to get bored in class while others take more effort to understand contents. Flipped learning is a methodology used in teaching that helps teachers to prioritize active learning during class by using that time for group activities and individual attention. This model allows modifying the standard class structure of sessions where the content of the subject is presented by the teacher in the classroom. In this new model the content of the subject is viewed at home or outside the classroom through the use of tools and resources classified within the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). As a first step in the analysis of experiences in learning Technical Drawing and Graphics and CAD, this study shows the results of an academic experience that compares the classic methodology of standard lecture format versus flipped classroom in teaching Technical Drawing and Graphics (TDGII). Students from standard lecture format received the lesson in the traditional way, while students from the flipped classroom had to prepare themselves before attending the class, by using this time to complete questionnaires and team activities. Both groups filled a knowledge assessment test before and after class. Student involved in flipped classroom had to complete as well a survey on their perception of the method. The results obtained show that the level of knowledge after the class is slightly higher for those students involved in the flipped classroom. In addition, the students' opinion on the methodology is quite positive. They consider that it is a more effective method than the standard lecture format, since it has allowed them to better understand the content and to significantly increased their knowledge.This work has been funded by the "Universitat Jaume I" through project 3809/20 within the Innovative Education Project titled: Introducción de aprendizaje invertido en la enseñanza de Expresión Gráfica y Diseño Asistido por OrdenadorPerez-Belis, V.; González-Lluch, C.; Gracia-Ibáñez, V.; Vergara, M.; Bellés Ibáñez, M. (2020). Introduction of flipped learning in teaching Technical Drawing and Graphics and Computer Aided Design. IATED Academy. 5941-5949. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.1276S5941594

Introducing flipped learning in theoretical classes of computer aided design

[EN] The Bachelor¿s Degree in Industrial Design and Product Development Engineering at Jaume I University (UJI) in Castelló (Spain) include 3 one-semester courses of Technical Drawing and Computer Aided Design (CAD). Throughout the three subjects, students learn to create Engineering Technical Drawings according to Normative firstly through sketching in Technical Drawing and Graphics (TDG) and then with CAD applications starting with two-dimensional CAD applications to three-dimensional ones in CADI & CADII. The three subjects have been coordinated in several aspects (such as development of material to facilitate student¿s self-learning, the use of selfassessment or peer-assessment) and they share a common structure with theoretical and practical sessions, along with the development of a graphic project throughout the course. Theoretical classes have been taught in standard lecture format (teachers explaining contents), being uninteresting for students. Going further in subjects¿ coordination, the teachers of the three subjects during 2020 created a teaching innovation group to start implementing flipped classes in the theoretical sessions to driven the focus from the teacher to the students. They must learn by their own, previously to the face-to-face class by means of different material and tasks prepared by the teacher. Then, in face-to-face class, learning that is more active is carried out. They practise by doing different tasks and the real understanding of the concepts that were self-trained previously is put to the test. During the first semester of 2020, the experience was carried out in TDG in just one session, but with encouraging results, concluding that the experience should be implemented in more sessions since students significantly increased their knowledge, as well as their participation and interest. In the second semester of 2020, a similar experience has been carried out in CADI. Half of the sessions before the first midterm exam were in flipped mode, whereas the rest were taught in the traditional way. Furthermore, the theoretical exam included questions worked on the flipped classes. Students answered a questionnaire about their experience with both methodologies `traditional lecture classes¿ and `flipped classes¿. The results obtained show that students rated very similarly the attendance to traditional classes and to the flipped ones as for their utility for concepts understanding and for the exam preparation. However, while the attendance of non-repeater students was similar regardless the type of methodology, the attendance of repeater students increased in flipped classes. As for flipped classes, the material prepared for previous tasks (videos and questions) and the face-to-face tasks were highly rated. A slight preference for flipped classes was shown despite the previous tasks. When comparing both methodologies, they found the flipped classes more entertaining and useful for the better understanding than the traditional ones. Furthermore, the questions of the activities of the flipped classes introduced in the exam were percentage-wise better answered than the rest of questions. As for the exam preparation, the students rated highly to have a free online book at disposal, the weekly questionnaires that allow keeping their studies updated or the use of Socrative, regardless of the methodology used.This work has been funded by the "Universitat Jaume I" through project 3809/20 within the Innovative Education Project titled: ¿Introducción de aprendizaje invertido en la enseñanza de Expresión Gráfica y Diseño Asistido por Ordenador¿Gracia-Ibáñez, V.; Vergara, M.; Perez-Belis, V.; González-Lluch, C.; Bellés-Ibáñez, M. (2021). Introducing flipped learning in theoretical classes of computer aided design. IATED Academy. 2664-2672. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.0567S2664267

Analysis of augmented reality's influence on regular systems taught in technical graphics subjects

[EN] The subject named Technical Graphics Communication is taught in different degrees in Jaume I University, among which are Bachelor¿s degrees in Industrial Technology Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Chemical Engineering. One of its main aims is to improve the students¿ spatial vision ability. Nevertheless, three-dimensional shape recognition (3D models) and their later representation in Multiview drawings (two-dimensional information), is one of main issues found by instructors along the years, being a constant for years. The development of technology and modeling tools allows a broader and more effective presentation of this syllabus. One of these tools is Augmented Reality that integrates digital information into realworld environments and allows users inspecting and analyzing a 3D model in an interactive way, spinning it, scaling it, and resulting in an easier way to understand its features. Therefore, this article shows the results obtained from an experience developed in Technical Graphics Communication subject where Augmented Reality was applied for improving the 3D model interpretation. Students assign a high level of usability of the Augmented Reality application, also considering it a good teaching resource.This work has been funded by the "Universitat Jaume I" through project 3810/20 within the Innovative Education Project titled: Introducción de nuevas metodologías docentes para mejorar la capacidad espacial del alumnado y aumentar su participación en el aprendizaje en la asignatura de Expresión Gráfica.Perez-Belis, V.; Bayarri-Porcar, V.; Jarque-Bou, N.; Piquer Vicent, A.; González Lluch, C.; Núñez García, M. (2020). Analysis of augmented reality's influence on regular systems taught in technical graphics subjects. IATED Academy. 3993-4001. https://doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.0899S3993400

CMS - The Compact Muon Solenoid

CMS is a general purpose proton-proton detector designed to run at the highest luminosity at the LHC. It is also well adapted for studies at the initially lower luminosities. The CMS Collaboration consists of over 1800 scientists and engineers from 151 institutes in 31 countries. The main design goals of CMS are: \begin{enumerate} \item a highly performant muon system, \item the best possible electromagnetic calorimeter \item high quality central tracking \item hermetic calorimetry \item a detector costing less than 475 MCHF. \end{enumerate} All detector sub-systems have started construction. Engineering Design Reviews of parts of these sub-systems have been successfully carried-out. These are held prior to granting authorization for purchase. The schedule for the LHC machine and the experiments has been revised and CMS will be ready for first collisions now expected in April 2006. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Magnet \\ The detector (see Figure) will be built around a long (13~m) and large bore ($\phi$=5.9~m) high-field (4T) superconducting solenoid leading to a compact design for the muon spectrometer. The magnetic flux is returned through $\approx$1.5~m of saturated iron yoke (1.8~T) instrumented with muon chambers. The construction of the magnet is well advanced. It will be tested on the surface in July 2004. Three of the five barrel yokes (YB) have been assembled in the surface building at Point 5. The assembly of the endcap yokes (YB) will start in April 2001. Four good lengths of Rutherford cable and three lengths of the insert (Rutherford cable co-extruded with pure aluminium), out of 21, have been produced. Each one has a length of 2.65km. The contracts for the winding machine have been placed. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Inner Tracking \\ All high $p_t$ muons, isolated electrons and charged hadrons, produced in the central rapidity region, are reconstructed with a momentum precision of $\Delta p_t / p_t \approx$~0.005~+~0.15$p_t$ ($p_t$ in TeV). The high momentum precision is a direct consequence of the high magnetic field. The tracking volume is given by a cylinder of length 6~m and a diameter of 2.6~m. In order to deal with high track multiplicities tracking detectors with small cell sizes are used. Silicon microstrip detectors provide the required granularity and precision in the bulk of the tracking volume. Stereo information is provided by back-to-back microstrip detectors with strips at a small angle. Pixel detectors placed close to the interaction region improve the measurement of the track impact parameter and secondary vertices. High track finding efficiencies are achieved for isolated high $p_t$ tracks. It is also fairly high for tracks in jets. \\ In June 2000 the LHCC approved the `All-Silicon Tracker' to be built in a single stage. The layout has been optimized with the removal of the central support tube. A pre-production comprising 200 detectors has been launched to exercise the automated production procedure. \\ The short bunch crossing time at the LHC (25ns) places challenging requirements on the readout electronics. Furthermore, the detectors and the read-out electronics have to withstand high levels of irradiation. A test in an LHC-like bunched beam was successfully carried out to test the functionality of the full electronics chain. Beam tests using electronics designed in the 0.25$\mu$m technology have confirmed the expected performance. \\ Good progress is also being made on the electronics and mechanics of the pixel detectors. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Muon System \\ Centrally produced muons are measured three times, in the inner tracker, after the coil and in the return flux. They are then identified and measured in four identical muon stations (MB) inserted in the return yoke. Special care has been taken to avoid pointing cracks and to maximize the geometric acceptance. Each muon station consists of twelve planes of aluminium drift tubes designed to give a muon vector in space, with 100~$\mu$m precision in position and better than 1~mrad in direction. The four muon stations include RPC triggering planes that also identify the bunch crossing and enable a cut on the muon transverse momentum at the first trigger level. The endcap muon system also consists of four muon stations (ME). Each station consists of six planes of Cathode Strip Chambers. The chambers are arranged such that all muon tracks traverse four stations at all rapidities, including the transition region between the barrel and the endcaps. The last muon stations are after a total of $\geq$~20$\lambda$ of absorber so that only muons can reach them. The four muon stations lead to a redundant and robust muon system. \\ Facilities for mass production have been set up in the institutes participating in the construction of the muon chambers. One site, CIEMAT (Madrid), has built two pre-production drift tube prototype chambers using the final assembly tools and procedures. The commissioning of two more sites (Aachen and Legnaro, Padova) is nearly complete. Around thirty CSC chambers have been manufactured at Fermilab. Parts and tooling have been procured for the sites at PNPI, St. Petersburg and IHEP, Beijing. The procurement of parts for the barrel RPCs also commenced in 2000. Mass production of DTs and CSCs at various sites is expected to reach the final rates in 2001. \\ The combined (using the inner tracker as well as the muon chambers) muon momentum resolution is better than 5\% at 0.3 TeV in the central rapidity region $|\eta| <$ 2, and $\approx$ 10\% for $p_t$ = 2 TeV. Low-momentum ($p_t <$ 100 GeV) muons are measured before the absorber with a precision of about 1.5\% up to a pseudorapidity of 2. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Calorimetry \\ The coil radius is large enough to install essentially all the calorimetry inside and hence avoid the coil-electromagnetic calorimeter interference. A high precision electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) using lead tungstate (PbWO$_4$) crystals has been chosen. Lead tungstate is a dense and relatively easy crystal to grow. \\ The scintillation light is detected by silicon avalanche photodiodes in the barrel region (EB, $|\eta|<$1.48) and vacuum phototriodes in the endcap region (EE, 1.48$<|\eta|<$3.0). The expected energy resolution is better than 0.6\% for electrons and photons with energies greater than 75 GeV. A preshower system (SE) is installed in front of the endcap calorimeter (1.65 $\leq|\eta|\leq$ 2.6). \\ The ECAL is followed by a copper/scintillator sampling hadronic calorimeter (HB, HE). The light is channelled by clear fibres fused to wave-length shifting fibres embedded in scintillator plates. The light is detected by photodetectors that can provide gain and operate in high axial magnetic fields (proximity focussed hybrid photodiodes). Coverage up to rapidities of 5.0 is provided by a steel/quartz fibre calorimeter (HF). The Cerenkov light emitted in the quartz fibres is detected by photomultipliers. \\ The pre-production (6000) of crystals from Russia has been completed. A contract for a further 30000 crystals has been placed in Russia. A breakthrough in crystal growing in Russia means that ingots can be grown of a diameter large enough for two crystals to be cut out. This will considerably increase the yield of crystals per oven. The crystal producers in China, using 28-fold pulling furnaces, have delivered 100 preliminary pre-production crystals that are being evaluated. The contract for the remaining 40000 crystals should be placed in 2001. The infrastructure at the centres where the crystals will be assembled into modules for installation has been set up. The photo-detectors, meeting the specifications, have been developed in collaboration with industry. The front-end chain consists of a preamplifier/range selector (FPPA), an ADC and a serializer/optical link. A 0.25$\mu$m technology version of the serializer has been chosen. \\ Photon-pizero separation in the forward region requires a preshower detector (SE) in front of the crystals. Silicon sensors for the pre-shower detector, of the required quality, have now been produced in Russia, Taiwan and India. A large dynamic range preamplifier in a radiation-hard technology has been fabricated and successfully tested. \\ The absorber for the first HCAL half-barrel, HB-1 (18 wedges), was trial-assembled at Felguera, Spain. It was dismantled and the wedges have been delivered to CERN. The optics, scintillator plus embedded fibres, for more than half the barrel wedges have also been manufactured and delivered to CERN. The trial assembly of one endcap is nearing completion at the manufacturer, MZOR (Byelorussia). Optics manufacture for HE has started. The HF design was changed from bricks to 18 wedges per side. The fibre spacing was changed from 2.5mm to 5mm but the packing fraction is preserved. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Trigger and Data Acquisition \\ The trigger and data acquisition consists of four parts: the front-end detector electronics, the calorimeter and muon first level trigger processors, the readout network and an on-line event filter system. The first two parts are synchronous and pipelined with a pipeline depth corresponding to $\approx$3~$\mu$s. The latter two are asynchronous and based on industry standard data communication components and commercial PCs. The resources that would have been required for a hardware second level trigger processors are invested in a high bandwidth ($\approx$~500~Gbit/s) readout network and in the event filter processing power (10$^{6}$-10$^{7}$ MIPs), both of which are more suitable for upgrading as commercially available technology develops. \\ The CMS Level-1 trigger decision is based upon the presence of physics objects such as muons, photons, electrons, and jets, as well as global sums of E$_t$ and missing E$_t$ (to find neutrinos). The Level-1 Trigger Technical Design Report was submitted at the end of 2000. The DAQ system has to assemble the data from the triggered event, contained in about 500 front-end buffers (readout units), into a single processor in a ``farm'' for executing physics algorithms so that the input rate of 100 kHz is reduced to the 100 Hz of sustainable physics. A new Event Builder setup has been installed that consists of 64 Intel-PCs interconnected by two networks based on the most advanced technologies: a 64 port Gbit Ethernet (Foundry) and a 128-port Myrinet switch (Myricom). The setup will be used to evaluate all the software and hardware design options that will be considered for the TDR, destined for end-2002. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Computing and Core Software \\ For complex systems, such as the CMS detector, an `object oriented' approach, implemented in C++, is now the choice of software developers. The move to this mainstream software technology will help to manage the process of change over the long lifetime of the experiment. C++ releases have been made of the functional prototypes of the software comprising the framework (CARF), the reconstruction program (ORCA), a basic GEANT4-based simulation program (OSCAR), and an interactive graphics toolkit (IGUANA). The OO technology has been used in the production of Level-1 and High Level Trigger simulation data. ORCA has been used for detector, trigger and physics studies. \\ The data storage, networking and processing power needed to analyse CMS data is well in excess of those of today's facilities. Technological advances will help to make the data analysis possible in a distributed environment, where physicists are scattered all over the world. The optimum mix of storage, networking and processing will change as technology develops. A multi-Tier model, similar to that developed by the MONARC project, underpinned by Grid Technology to provide efficient resource utilization and rapid turnaround time will be prototyped. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Physics Reconstruction and Selection \\ With the construction phase starting in earnest, physics simulation work has begun to focus on the development of the eventual reconstruction code. As mentioned above this development is taking place using C++ and object-oriented methods. CMS has decided that the first priority is a full understanding and verification of the Higher Level Triggers (HLT). Since CMS does not employ distinct physical intelligences for the would-be Level-2 and Level-3 triggers, but only a single processor farm, the task of selecting events is intimately linked with that of reconstructing the associated detector information online. With this in mind, four ``Physics Reconstruction and Selection'' (PRS) groups were started (electron/photon, muon, jet/missing E$_t$, and b/$\tau$ vertexing) in April 1999. The aim of the groups is to develop the reconstruction and selection procedures (algorithms and software) starting from the output of the Level-1 trigger, and aiming ultimately at the full off-line reconstruction. During 2000, the four groups delivered the first algorithms that correspond to a reduction of the event rate after Level-1 by about a factor 10 using information from single CMS sub-detectors. The activity now continues as a new CMS project, the PRS project, which has close ties with the Computing and Trigger/DAQ projects. The PRS groups are now working on reconstructing physics objects using information from multiple CMS sub-detectors. \\\\ ~~~~$\bullet$ Physics Performance \\ Although high luminosity is essential to cover the entire range of mechanisms of electroweak symmetry-breaking, the LHC machine will start at significantly lower luminosities (L~$\leq$10$^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$). The pixel detectors and the PbWO$_4$ crystal electromagnetic calorimeter considerably enhance the discovery potential of CMS at low luminosities. \\ A Standard Model (SM) Higgs boson with mass between 95 and 150~GeV would be discovered via its two photon decay after an integrated luminosity of about 3$\times$10$^4$ pb$^{-1}$. The same integrated luminosity gives a discovery range covering masses from 135 to 525~GeV in the four lepton (e or $\mu$) channel, with only a small gap in the coverage around 2 m$_W$. An integrated luminosity of 10$^5$ pb$^{-1}$ (taken at 10$^{34}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$) would allow discovery via these channels over the full range between 85 and 700 GeV. Tagging the events produced by WW- and ZZ-fusion by detecting characteristic forward jets, and using decay modes with larger branching ratios (H $\rightarrow$ WW $\rightarrow$ l$\nu$jj, and H~$\rightarrow$ ZZ $\rightarrow$ lljj), should allow the discovery range for a SM Higgs boson to be extended up to 1~TeV for the same integrated luminosity. \\ The two photon and four lepton channels are also crucial for the discovery of a Higgs boson in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). Various channels involving the tau lepton (h$^0$, H $^0$, A $^0$ $\rightarrow$ $\tau$ $\tau$, H$^\pm$ $\rightarrow$ $\tau$ $\nu$) help to cover much of the remaining allowed (m$_{A}$, tan $\beta$) parameter space. Precise impact parameter measurements using the pixel detector play an important role here. \\ Many physics studies have been carried out in the context of supergravity models (SUGRA). A many-point scan of the gaugino / scalar mass parameter space has been conducted. Squarks and gluinos weighing up to 2~TeV can be detected using, as signature, events with one or more charged leptons, missing transverse energy and two or more jets. Sleptons weighing as much as 400~GeV can be found by looking for events without hadronic jets, but with lepton pairs and missing transverse energy with distinctive kinematic characteristics. Three-lepton states are particularly promising for the detection of charginos and neutralinos. In many cascade decays a heavier neutralino is produced that subsequently decays into the lightest one with the emission of a pair of charged leptons. For low to moderate values of tan$\beta$ the spectrum of the di-lepton invariant masses shows a strikingly sharp end-point determined by the difference in neutralino masses. This feature can be used to select and almost fully reconstruct some events yielding e.g. the mass of the bottom squark. \\ The above studies of specific SUSY models indicate that it is possible to detect and measure a large fraction of the expected SUSY spectrum in CMS. Within the SUGRA models it should be possible to determine the fundamental parameters at the GUT scale. \\ The copious production of B mesons at LHC opens the way for significant measurements of CP violation effects in the B system. Using the B$^0_s$ and B$^0_d$ channels two of the angles in the unitarity triangle can be measured. Furthermore, by observing the time development of B$^0_s$ oscillations, the mixing parameter x$_s$ can be measured. \\ In addition to running as a proton-proton collider, LHC will be used to collide heavy ions at a centre of mass energy of 5.5~TeV per nucleon pair. A new form of deconfined hadronic matter, the quark-gluon plasma (QGP), should be formed at the resulting high energy densities (4-8 GeV/fm$^3$). The formation of quark-gluon plasma in the heavy ion collisions is predicted to be signalled by a strong suppression of $\Upsilon'$ and $\Upsilon''$ production relative to $\Upsilon$ production when compared to pp collisions. The CMS detector is well suited to detect low momentum muons and reconstruct the $\Upsilon$, $\Upsilon'$ and $\Upsilon''$ mesons produced. The good mass resolution ($\sigma$=37 MeV at $\Upsilon$ mass), afforded by the 4T field, enables the measurement of the suppression. Work has been carried out to obtain detailed understanding of the capabilities of CMS for heavy ion physics especially for signatures involving dimuon production, jet quenching and Z production. A detailed document has been prepared outlining the capabilities of CMS

Genitourinary Pathology (Including Adrenal Gland)

Our aims in constructing the Genitourinary Pathology chapter are to describe neoplasms of the adrenal gland, urothelial tract, kidney, penis, prostate, and testis in a manner that is both useful for the practicing surgical pathologist and that may be used as a reference for all students of urologic pathology. Whereas the text and figures describe the salient morphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular attributes for each tumor type and encompass the latest classification schemes, the narrative integrates the clinical and pathological findings that are commonly encountered during surgical pathology sign-out of these cases. Accordingly, it is our hope that this chapter will serve as a guide for both general and subspecialized pathologists in contemporary practice