Fluoride content in children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru

The aim of the present study was to determine the concentration of total fluoride (TF) and total soluble fluoride (TSF) in children's dentifrices marketed in the city of Lima, Peru. Three samples of 23 dentifrices (4 without fluoride and 19 with fluoride) were purchased in different pharmacies in Lima, Peru. The TF and TSF concentrations found in the dentifrices were determined by ion-selective electrode, expressed in ppm F (μg F/g of dentifrice). The TF concentration in the majority of the fluoride toothpastes matched that shown on the label, except for one declared as 1450 ppm F by the manufacturer, whereas only 515.1 ppm F was found. The concentration of TSF found in the fluoride toothpastes ranged from 457.5 to 1134.8 ppm F. All the dentifrices were formulated with silica, but one also presented calcium carbonate. In conclusion, 83% of the children's dentifrices marketed in Lima, Peru, were fluoridated, but only 53% contained a TSF concentration greater than 1000 ppm F, the minimum concentration required to provide an anticaries effect33COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPESnão te

Recent advances on information transmission and storage assisted by noise

The interplay between nonlinear dynamic systems and noise has proved to be of great relevance in several application areas. In this presentation, we focus on the areas of information transmission and storage. We review some recent results on information transmission through nonlinear channels assisted by noise. We also present recent proposals of memory devices in which noise plays an essential role. Finally, we discuss new results on the influence of noise in memristors.Comment: To be published in "Theory and Applications of Nonlinear Dynamics: Model and Design of Complex Systems", Proceedings of ICAND 2012 (Springer, 2014

Efeito da suplementação enzimática em rações com farelo de soja e soja integral extrusada sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes, o fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal e o desempenho de frangos Enzymatic supplementation on soybean meal and full fat extruded soybean based diet on the digestibility of nutrients, ileal digest flow and broiler performance

Três experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação enzimática em rações à base de milho e soja sobre o desempenho (Experimento 1), a digestibilidade de nutrientes (Experimento 2) e o desempenho e o fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal (Experimento 3) em frangos de corte. No Experimento 1, para o cálculo das rações experimentais, a composição química do farelo de soja (FS) e da soja integral extrusada (SIE) foi superestimada em 7% para os valores de EM e PB e 5% para Met, Met+Cis e Lis (Trat. C, D e E) e 9% para EM, 7% para PB e 5% para Met, Met+Cis e Lis (Trat. F, G e H), quando houve a adição de enzimas (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT> e Allzyme Lipase<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). Conclui-se que os valores de EM, PB e aminoácidos (Met, Met+Cis e Lis) da soja puderam ser superestimados em 9, 7 e 5%, respectivamente, quando houve a adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>) às rações para frangos de corte (1-42 dias), sem prejuízo ao desempenho das aves. Os tratamentos utilizados nos experimentos 2 e 3 foram: A e B - rações contendo farelo de soja (FS), sem e com adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>); e C e D - rações contendo farelo de soja (FS) e soja integral extrusada (SIE), sem e com adição de complexo multienzimático (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). No experimento 2, não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos para os coeficientes de metabolização aparente de matéria seca, proteína bruta, energia bruta e a EMAn. No Experimento 3, para os períodos inicial (1-21 dias de idade), de crescimento (22-42 dias de idade) e total (1-42 dias de idade), não foram observadas diferenças no consumo de ração, no ganho de peso e na conversão alimentar das aves que receberam rações suplementadas com enzimas. Na determinação do fluxo de nutrientes na digesta ileal, não foram verificadas diferenças entre os tratamentos estudados, aos 21 e 42 dias de idade.<br>Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of enzymatic supplementation of corn and soybean based diets on performance (Trial 1), nutrients digestibility (Trial 2), performance and nutrient flow in the ileal digesta (Trial 3) in broiler chickens. In Trial 1, for experimental diet formulation, the chemical composition of soybean meal (SM) and full fat extruded soybean (ES) were overestimated in 7% for ME and CP, and 5% for Met, Met+Cys and Lys (Treatment C, D, and E) and 9% for ME, 7% for CP and 5% for Met, Met+Cys and Lys (Treatments F, G e H) when there was enzymes addition (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT> e Allzyme Lipase<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). It was concluded that ME, CP and amino acids (Met, Met+Cys and Lys) values can be overestimated in 9, 7 and 5%, respectively, when there was the addition of enzymatic complex to the broilers diets (1-42 days), without reducing bird performance. Treatments used on trials 2 and 3 were: A and B - diets based on soybean meal (SBM) with and without addition of multienzymatic complex (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>) and C and D - diets based on soybean meal (SBM) and full fat extruded soybean (ES) with and without addition of multienzymatic complex (Allzyme Vegpro<FONT FACE=Symbol>â</FONT>). In Trial 2 differences were not observed among treatments for coefficients of apparent metabolization of dry matter, crude protein, gross energy and AMEn. In trial 3, for initial period (1-21 days), growth period (22-42 days) and total period (1-42 days) differences were not observed in feed intake, weight gain and feed: gain among birds fed with diets supplemented with enzymes. In the determination of nutrient flow in ileal digesta, differences among studied treatments were not observed, for 21 and 42 days age