AGIBench: A Multi-granularity, Multimodal, Human-referenced, Auto-scoring Benchmark for Large Language Models

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have revealed amazing intelligence. How to evaluate the question-solving abilities of LLMs and their degrees of intelligence is a hot-spot but challenging issue. First, the question-solving abilities are interlaced with different ability branches like understanding and massive knowledge categories like mathematics. Second, the inputs of questions are multimodal that may involve text and images. Third, the response format of LLMs is diverse and thus poses great challenges for result extraction and evaluation. In this paper, we propose AGIBench -- a multi-granularity, multimodal, human-referenced, and auto-scoring benchmarking methodology for LLMs. Instead of a collection of blended questions, AGIBench focuses on three typical ability branches and adopts a four-tuple <ability branch, knowledge, difficulty, modal> to label the attributes of each question. First, it supports multi-granularity benchmarking, e.g., per-question, per-ability branch, per-knowledge, per-modal, per-dataset, and per-difficulty level granularities. Second, it contains multimodal input, including text and images. Third, it classifies all the questions into five degrees of difficulty according to the average accuracy rate of abundant educated humans (human-referenced). Fourth, it adopts zero-shot learning to avoid introducing additional unpredictability and provides an auto-scoring method to extract and judge the result. Finally, it defines multi-dimensional metrics, including accuracy under the average, worst, best, and majority voting cases, and repeatability. AGIBench is publically available from \url{https://www.benchcouncil.org/agibench}.Comment: 14 page

Proteomic and Bioinformatics Analyses of Mouse Liver Microsomes

Microsomes are derived mostly from endoplasmic reticulum and are an ideal target to investigate compound metabolism, membrane-bound enzyme functions, lipid-protein interactions, and drug-drug interactions. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of the liver and its diseases, mouse liver microsomes were isolated and enriched with differential centrifugation and sucrose gradient centrifugation, and microsome membrane proteins were further extracted from isolated microsomal fractions by the carbonate method. The enriched microsome proteins were arrayed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and carbonate-extracted microsome membrane proteins with one-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1DE). A total of 183 2DE-arrayed proteins and 99 1DE-separated proteins were identified with tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 259 nonredundant microsomal proteins were obtained and represent the proteomic profile of mouse liver microsomes, including 62 definite microsome membrane proteins. The comprehensive bioinformatics analyses revealed the functional categories of those microsome proteins and provided clues into biological functions of the liver. The systematic analyses of the proteomic profile of mouse liver microsomes not only reveal essential, valuable information about the biological function of the liver, but they also provide important reference data to analyze liver disease-related microsome proteins for biomarker discovery and mechanism clarification of liver disease

1-[4-(4-Chloro­but­oxy)-2-hy­droxy­phen­yl]ethanone

In the title compound, C12H15ClO3, the eth­oxy group is nearly coplanar with the benzene ring, making a dihedral angle of 9.03 (4)°, and is involved in an intra­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bond to the neighbouring hy­droxy group

Molecular cloning of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase gene from grape berry and preparation of an anti-DFR polyclonal antibody

Dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR, EC 1.1.1.219) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid pathway, which synthesizes numerous secondary metabolites to determine the quality of grape berry and wine. The full-length dfr cDNA with 1014 bp was cloned from grape berry, and then introduced into an expressed plasmid pET-30a (+) vector at the EcoR I and Xho I restriction sites. With induction of the isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG), the pET-dfr was highly expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS cells. A fusion protein with the His-Tag was purified through Ni-NTA His Bind Resin and then used as the antigen to immunize a New Zealand rabbit. The resulting antiserum was further purified precipitated by 50 % saturated ammonium sulfate and DEAE-Sepharose FF chromatography to obtain the immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction. The resulting polyclonal antibody was found capable of immuno-recognizing the DFR of the crude protein extracts from grape berry. This work undoubtedly provides the possibility for further studies on biological regulation of DFR activity in grape berry.

Broadband Light Emission from Chirped Multiple InAs Quantum Dot Structure

National Natural Science Foundation of China [61274072, 60976057, 60876086]; Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Materials Science of Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences [KLSMS-1105]Broadband light emission is obtained from a chirped multiple InAs/InGaAs/GaAs quantum dot (QD) structure. The thickness of the InGaAs strain-reducing layer (SRL) is used as the tuning parameter to adjust the light emission property of each QD layer in the chirped structure. It is shown from the photoluminescence (PL) measurement that the SRL thickness has a strong influence on the PL peak position, linewidth, and intensity. By constructing the chirped QD structure comprising five groups of QD layers with different SRL thicknesses, a broadband electroluminescence emission with the full width at half maximum of 202 nm is realized, indicating the feasibility of chirped multiple InAs QD layers on broadening the emission spectrum

帕金森病认知功能损害的中医药治疗

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that involves many other systems. Cognitive impairment is one of the major presentations of non-motor symptoms of PD. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease (PD-MCI), a predictive factor of the transformation of PD to dementia is a common cognitive defect in PD patients. The effects of traditional Chinese Medicine on cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease were valued at home and abroad. Traditional Chinese Medicine has less toxic and side effects, treatment based on syndrome differentiation, and adjustment the balance of Yin and Yang for patients. Combination of Chinese and western medicine treatment could not only reduce the amount of dopamine agents but also counteract the toxic and side effects induced by dopamine agents. Meanwhile, combination of Chinese and western medicine treatment could delay the occurrence and development of cognitive impairment, and has broad application prospect.帕金森病（PD）是一种累及多系统的中枢神经系统变性病。认知功能障碍是PD非运动症状的重要表现形式，大多数PD患者均伴有认知功能损害并最终发展成为痴呆。中医药在帕金森病治疗中的作用越来越受到国内外的重视。中药具有毒副作用小且通过辨证论治、从整体调节患者阴阳平衡的特点，中西医结合治疗既能减少多巴胺制剂用量，又能有效拮抗和治疗西药所引起的毒副作用，延缓认知障碍的发生和发展，具有广阔应用前景