The Eaton’s Santa Claus Parade and the Making of a Metropolitan Spectacle, 1905–1982

The Eaton’s Santa Claus parade in Toronto emerged as form of “commercial spectacle,” forged in the decades after the First World War, that blended older and newer forms of popular culture with the changing dynamics of family, audience, community, and commerce. Although it was a local event, its creators were part of a network of parade-makers in the big cities of North America, who shared ideas and drew upon the same cultural forms. With the advent of television, the Santa Claus parade reached a wider audience across the country. In between the parade’s local performance and its Canadian audience lies the creation of a metropolitan spectacle, a local event that not only synthesized international ideas and fit into larger networks of cultural producers, but also had broader reach, projecting power and influence outward to a vast economic and cultural space. La parade du père Noël d’Eaton s’est transformée en « spectacle commercial », forgé au fil des décennies qui ont suivi la Première Guerre mondiale, alliant des formes plus anciennes et plus modernes de culture populaire à la dynamique changeante de la famille, du public, de la collectivité et du commerce. Même s’il s’agissait d’un événement local, ses créateurs faisaient partie d’un réseau d’organisateurs de parades, s’étendant aux grandes villes d’Amérique du Nord, nourrissant les mêmes idées et s’inspirant des mêmes formes culturelles. L’avènement de la télévision a permis à la parade du père Noël d’atteindre un auditoire plus vaste à l’échelle du pays. Entre sa production locale et son auditoire canadien repose le berceau d’un spectacle métropolitain, d’un événement local qui, en plus d’être le creuset d’idées venues d’ailleurs et de se rallier à de plus vastes réseaux de producteurs culturels, jouissait d’un plus grand rayonnement, brillant de sa puissance et de son influence sur un vaste espace économique et culturel

The Craftsmen's Spectacle: Labour Day Parades in Canada, the Early Years

Labour Day became a statutory holiday in Canada in 1894, but labour days and craftsmen’s parades had been summer events in several Canadian cities and towns for a number of years. Its creation as an official holiday responded to two demands: one for public recognition of organized labour and its important role, and another for release from the pressures of work in capitalist industry. It was up to unions, however, to produce the parades and shape the day’s events, and this task could prove to be too much for local workers’ movements with limited resources. The tension between celebration and leisure eventually undermined the original grand ideals, as wage-earners and their families began to spend Labour Day pursuing private pleasures rather than participating in a display of cultural solidarity.Lorsque la fête du Travail devint un jour férié au Canada en 1894, il y avait déjà plusieurs années que plusieurs villes et villages du Canada tenaient,l’été, des fêtes du travail et des parades d’artisans. La création d’une fête du Travail officielle répondait à deux demandes : la reconnaissance publique du syndicalisme et de son rôle important et l’allégement des pressions du travail en régime capitaliste. Il appartenait cependant aux syndicats d’organiser les parades et les activités de la journée, une tâche parfois trop lourde pour des syndicats locaux aux ressources limitées. La tension entre le goût de célébrer et celui de se divertir en vint à miner les grands idéaux de départ de la fête du Travail, les salariés et leurs familles commençant à consacrer ce congé à des activités de loisir privées plutôt qu’à une manifestation de solidarité

Tobacco and alcohol cessation or reduction interventions in people with oral dysplasia and head and neck cancer:systematic review protocol

Abstract Background Head and neck cancers include malignancies of the mouth, larynx and oropharynx. Tobacco use and alcohol consumption are associated with increased risks of developing and dying from head and neck cancer. The aim of this review is to examine the effectiveness of smoking and alcohol cessation interventions on disease-related outcomes, quality of life and behavioural change in adults with head and neck cancer and oral dysplasia. Methods The Cochrane library, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Web of Science databases will be searched for randomised controlled trials investigating the effects of smoking or alcohol interventions on patients with either head and neck cancer or oral dysplasia. The primary outcomes are disease-free survival and, for participants with oral dysplasia, malignant transformation to cancer. Secondary outcomes are disease recurrence and progression, quality of life and behavioural change. The quality of included studies will be assessed using the ‘Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias’. A qualitative synthesis of the results will be reported, and a meta-analysis of the outcome data conducted, where appropriate. Discussion This systematic review will identify the extent of the current research on smoking and alcohol cessation interventions in patients with head and neck cancer and oral epithelial dysplasia. The findings have the potential to inform which interventions have been successful and how future behavioural change interventions should be conducted within these populations. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD4201603823