44 research outputs found

    Efeito dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada sobre o citoesqueleto de células neurais : morfologia celular, fosforilação e estresse oxidativo

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    A Doença do Xarope do Bordo (DXB) é uma desordem hereditária causada pela deficiência do complexo enzimático desidrogenase dos cetoácidos de cadeia ramificada, e como conseqüência ocorre o acúmulo dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada (AACR) leucina (Leu), isoleucina (Ile) e valina (Val), e seus respectivos cetoácidos α- cetoisocapróico (CIC), α-ceto-β-metilvalérico (CMV) e α-cetoisovalérico (CIV), que caracteriza a doença. Os pacientes afetados apresentam sintomas neurológicos graves, tais como convulsões, coma, retardo psicomotor e retardo mental. Entretanto, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença ainda não estão esclarecidos. Em estudos anteriores, realizados em nosso laboratório, observamos que os α-cetoácidos de cadeia ramificada modificaram a fosforilação dos filamentos intermediários em córtex cerebral de ratos wistar em diferentes idades, alteraram a morfologia de células gliais e provocaram estresse oxidativo em células de glioma C6. Neste estudo, nós investigamos o efeito in vitro dos aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, nas concentrações encontradas nos pacientes afetados por DXB, sobre a fosforilação dos filamentos intermediários de córtex cerebral de ratos durante o desenvolvimento. Fatias de córtex cerebral de ratos wistar de 9, 12,17 e 21 dias foram incubadas com os aminoácidos Leu, Ile e Val na presença de 32P-ortofosfato, a fração citoesquelética foi extraída e a radioatividade incorporada pelas subunidades dos filamentos intermediários foi medida. Os resultados obtidos não demonstraram alterações significativas no parâmetro estudado. Também foram realizados estudos morfológicos em cultura de células C6 através de microscopia de contraste de fase e técnicas de imunocitoquímica. As células foram incubadas por 3, 12 ou 24 horas na presença ou na ausência dos AACR. Os resultados demonstraram que os AACR alteraram a morfologia das células de redondas para fusiformes com a presença de vários processos de um modo dependente do tempo e do tipo de AACR. A imunocitoquímica com anticorpos anti-actina e anti-proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) demonstrou que estes metabólitos induziram uma reorganização do citoesqueleto. Além disso, observamos morte celular intensa na presença dos AACR. Por outro lado, verificamos que não houve alteração de fosforilação da proteína glial fibrilar ácida (GFAP) nas células C6, mas observamos que houve diminuição da glutationa e aumento da produção de óxido nítrico quando as células C6 foram incubadas por 3h com os AACR. Quando as células C6 foram tratadas com glutationa ou L-NAME e com os AACR estes antioxidantes foram capazes de prevenir as alterações metabólicas causadas por estes metabólitos, sugerindo o envolvimento do estresse oxidativo nas alterações causadas pelos AACR. Considerando que as células astrogliais são de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento e o funcionamento do cérebro é provável que as alterações provocadas pelos AACR possam ter importantes conseqüências para a neurodegeneração característica dos pacientes portadores de DXB.Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a inherited disorder caused by a deficiency of the enzyme complex branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD), and consequently occurs the accumulation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) leucine (Leu), isoleucina (Ile) and valine (Val), and theirs corresponding branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs) α-keto-isocaproic acid (KIC), α-keto-β-methyvaleric acid (CMV) and α- keto-isovaleric (KIV), that characterize the disease. Affected patients present severe neurological symptoms such as coma, psychomotor delay and mental retardation. However, the physiopathologic mechanisms are unknown. In previous studies carried through in our laboratory we observed that the BCKAs had modified the phosphorylation of the intermediate filaments (IF) in cerebral cortex of rats wistar in different ages. We also verified that these metabolites altered the morphology of glial cells and provoked oxidative stress in C6 cells. In this study, we investigate the in vitro effect of BCAAs, in the concentrations found in the patients affected with MSUD, on the phosphorylation of the IF from cerebral cortex of rats during development. Slices from cerebral cortex of wistar rats of 9, 12, 17 and 21 days were incubated with the amino acids Leu, Ile and Val in the presence of 32P-ortophosphate, the cytoskeleton fraction was extracted and the radioactivity incorporated into the subunits of the IF was measured. The results obtained do not demonstrate significant alterations in this studied parameter. We also performed morphologic studies in C6 cells through analyses of imunocitochemistry and phase contrast microscopy. The cells had been incubated for 3, 12 or 24 hours in the presence or the absence of the BCAAs. The results demonstrate that the BCAAs alter the morphology of the cells from rounded to fusiformes with the presence of some processes in a dependent way of the time and the type of BCAAs. The imunocitochemistry with anti-actin and antiglial fibrilary acid protein (GFAP) antibodies demonstrates that these metabolites induce a reorganization of cytoskeleton. Moreover, we observe intense cellular death in the presence of the BCAAs. On the other hand, we verify that it does not involve an alteration of the phosphorylation of GFAP in C6 cells. We also observe a reduction of glutathione and a increase of nitric oxide production when the cells were incubated for 3 hours with the BCAAs. When the C6 cells were treated with glutathione or L-NAME in the presence of the BCAAs these antioxidants were capable to prevent the metabolic alterations caused by these metabolites, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in the alterations caused by the BCAAs. Considering that the astroglials cells are have fundamental importance on the development and functioning of the brain it is feasible that the alterations provoked by the BCAAs have important consequences for the neurodegeneration characteristic of MSUD patients

    Homocysteine activates calcium-mediated cell signaling mechanisms targeting the cytoskeleton in rat hippocampus

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    Homocysteine is considered to be neurotoxic and a risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the increasing evidences of excitotoxic mechanisms of homocysteine (Hcy), little is known about the action of Hcy on the cytoskeleton. In this context, the aim of the present work was to investigate the signaling pathways involved in the mechanism of action of Hcy on cytoskeletal phosphorylation in cerebral cortex and hippocampus of rats during development. Results showed that 100 μM Hcy increased the intermediate filament (IF) phosphorylation only in 17-day-old rat hippocampal slices without affecting the cerebral cortex from 9- to 29-day-old animals. Stimulation of 45Ca2+ uptake supported the involvement of NMDA receptors and voltage-dependent channels in extracellular Ca2+ flux, as well as Ca2+ release from intracellular stores through inositol-3-phosphate and ryanodine receptors. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying the Hcy effect on hippocampus cytoskeleton involved the participation of phospholipase C, protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphoinositol-3 kinase and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. The Hcy-induced IF hyperphosphorylation was also related to Gi protein and inhibition of cAMP levels. These findings demonstrate that Hcy at a concentration described to induce neurototoxicity activates the IF-associated phosphorylating system during development in hippocampal slices of rats through different cell signaling mechanisms. These results probably suggest that hippocampal rather than cortical cytoskeleton is succeptible to neurotoxical concentrations of Hcy during development and this could be involved in the neural damage characteristic of mild homocystinuric patients
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