A comprehensive case study on the sustainability of tropical dairy cattle farming in Oaxaca, Mexico

ABSTRACT: Tropical dairy cattle farming is one the most relevant economic activities for food production; although, currently faces increasing scrutiny from society due to its potential harm to natural resources and the environment. Moreover, some factors are paramount for the evaluation of the sustainability and productive potential of any given tropical dairy farm: soil quality, profitability, and energy efficiency. This study carried out a sustainability analysis in four types of tropical dairy cattle ranches, through three key indicators (economic profitability, energy efficiency and soil quality) and with a comprehensive approach in the Costa region of Oaxaca, Mexico. Therefore, four farms of different sizes (i.e., small, medium, large, and very large) were selected in Costa de Oaxaca, Mexico. The data collection was carried out for daily milk production, the dynamics of farm inputs (introduction or removal) from the production system, alongside with collection of soil samples. The agroecosystems evaluated were economically profitable, and those with greater intensification of their pasture areas display higher profit margins and energy efficiency. In terms of soil quality, there is a regular potential for its rational utilization

DISEÑO DE UNA INCUBADORA AVÍCOLA SUSTENTABLE, AUTOMATIZADA CON MICROPROCESADORES Y MONITOREADA CON APLICACIÓN MÓVIL (DESIGN OF A SUSTAINABLE POULTRY INCUBATOR, AUTOMATED WITH MICROPROCESSORS AND MONITORED WITH MOBILE APPLICATION)

Resumen El presente proyecto se desarrolló en las instalaciones del Instituto Tecnológico de Pinotepa. En la población de Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Oax con la finalidad de realizar un primer acercamiento, a la solución de la problemática que se presenta en la comunidad avícola de esta población, con respecto a la producción de la avicultura. Se pretende eliminar la dependencia que tiene el avicultor, al comprar los pollos recién nacidos, lo que causa un porcentaje de alta mortalidad. El artículo presenta el resultado del proyecto denominado “Diseño de una Incubadora Avícola Sustentable Automatizada con Microprocesadores y Monitoreada Con Aplicación Móvil” que tiene como objetivo aumentar producción avícola en la población reduciendo los costos de incubación, diseñando un Sistema de Incubación sostenible, automatizada con un Microprocesador ATmega2560 y Monitoreada con Aplicación Móvil. El cual se Implementó tecnologías actuales para el control y monitoreo del sistema, en donde los parámetros eficientes de operación como la humedad, la temperatura y el movimiento fueron controlados de manera autónoma por sensores DHT11 este es un sensor digital de temperatura y humedad relativa, mediante la lógica difusa. El monitoreo fue diseñando en un lenguaje de programación app inventor con Arduino en una computadora portátil. El diseño de los sistemas de control difuso de temperatura y rotación se desarrollaron mediante la metodología del experto, se implementaron en una plataforma hardware DsPIC y finalmente, se validaron mediante tres enfoques: computacional, control y aplicación. Se obtuvo un 95% de eclosión, por lo que se concluye que es viable realizar la incubación artificial con este prototipo de incubadora para huevos. Palabras clave: Automatización, control, incubación, sensor, temperatura. Abstract This project was developed at the facilities of the Technological Institute of Pinotepa. In the town of Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Oax with the aim of making a first approach, to the solution of the problem that occurs in the poultry community of this population, with respect to the incomplete production of poultry. It is intended to eliminate the dependence that the poultry farmer has, when buying newborn chickens, which causes a high mortality rate. The article presents the implementation of a This project aims to increase poultry production in the population by reducing incubation costs, designing a sustainable Automated Incubation System with ATmega2560 Microprocessor and Monitored with Mobile Application. Implementing current technologies for the control and monitoring of the system, where efficient operating parameters such as humidity, temperature and movement are controlled autonomously by sensors DHT11 is a digital temperature and relative humidity sensor, using fuzzy logic. The monitoring was designing in an inventor app programming language with an Arduino laptop. The design of the diffuse temperature and rotation control systems were developed using the expert's methodology, they were implemented in a DsPIC hardware platform and finally, they were validated using three approaches: computational, control and application. 95% hatching was obtained, so it is concluded that it is feasible to carry out artificial incubation with this prototype incubator for bird eggs. Keywords: Automation, control, incubation, sensor, temperature

INCUBADORA AVÍCOLA SUSTENTABLE, AUTOMATIZADA CON MICROPROCESADORES ATmega2560 APLICANDO LA LOGICA DIFUSA

El presente proyecto se desarrolló en las instalaciones del Instituto Tecnológico de Pinotepa. En la población de Santiago Pinotepa Nacional, Oax con la finalidad de realizar un primer acercamiento, a la solución de la problemática que se presenta en la comunidad avícola de esta población, con respecto a la producción de la avicultura. Se pretende eliminar la dependencia que tiene el avicultor, al comprar los pollos recién nacidos, lo que causa un porcentaje de alta mortalidad. El artículo presenta el resultado del proyecto denominado “Diseño de una Incubadora Avícola Sustentable, Automatizada con Microprocesadores y Monitoreada Con Aplicación Móvil” que tiene como objetivo aumentar producción avícola en la población reduciendo los costos de incubación, diseñando un Sistema de Incubación sostenible, automatizada con un Microprocesador ATmega2560 y Monitoreada con Aplicación Móvil. El cual se Implementó tecnologías actuales para el control y monitoreo del sistema, en donde los parámetros eficientes de operación como la humedad, la temperatura y el movimiento fueron controlados de manera autónoma por sensores DHT11 este es un sensor digital de temperatura y humedad relativa, mediante la lógica difusa. El monitoreo fue diseñando en un lenguaje de programación app inventor con Arduino en una computadora portátil. El diseño de los sistemas de control difuso de temperatura y rotación se desarrollaron mediante la metodología del experto, se implementaron en una plataforma hardware DsPIC y finalmente, se validaron mediante tres enfoques: computacional, control y aplicación. Se obtuvo un 95% de eclosión, por lo que se concluye que es viable realizar la incubación artificial con este prototipo de incubadora para huevos

TYPOLOGY OF PRODUCERS AND DIFFERENTIATION OF AGROECOSYSTEMS WITH PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) IN OAXACA, MEXICO

Background: The Costa region is the main papaya (Carica papaya L.) producing area in the state of Oaxaca. However, there are no studies that document the potentialities, limitations, and development of the productive and commercial process of this crop with a comprehensive approach. Objective: To characterize papaya producers and their agroecosystems in the Costa region of the state of Oaxaca, Mexico; and determine a representative typology, based on their socioeconomic, productive, technological and commercial characteristics, using multivariate analysis techniques. Methodology: A questionnaire was applied through a probabilistic sampling to 89 papaya producers from seven municipalities in the Costa region of the state of Oaxaca, which included quantitative and qualitative variables, classified into indicators: i) social: ii) physical, iii) productive, iv) economic, v) management, vi) commercialization, vii) technological. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, review and selection of variables, factor analysis by the principal components method, identification of clusters, comparison and differentiation of defined groups, and discriminant analysis. Results: Through factorial analysis, two factors were selected that explained 72.89% of the original variability. The first factor was related to the variables economic income from the sale of papaya, profitability factor and papaya yield; while the second factor was explained by the experience of the producer. The cluster analysis allowed to identify three types of papaya producers (conventional, intermediate, and businesses), which represented 62%, 28% and 10% of the total sample. The variables with the greatest discriminating power between groups were economic income from the sale of papaya, papaya yield, and the profitability factor. Implications: The defined typology suggests the need to improve the design of public policies and promptly reorient them based on the heterogeneity among papaya producers in the study region. Conclusions: The papaya producers in the study sample are relatively young, have an intermediate level of schooling and seniority in the activity; those that make up Group 3 (businesses) stand out for having higher crop yields and better marketing channels. Papaya agroecosystems differ mainly by cultivated area, production yield, economic income and production costs