59 research outputs found
Actigraphic Recording of Manic Symptoms Induced by Methylphenidate
Objective. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder characterized by a long-standing pattern of impulsive behavior, hyperkinesia, and inattention. Psychostimulants, for example, methylphenidate, are the treatment of choice for ADHD both in children, adolescents, and adults. Method. The effect of methylphenidate on sleep structure is not well known. We studied the effect of long-acting methylphenidate on sleep in adult ADHD patients, in a naturalistic treatment setting, using actigraphic and polysomnographic recordings. Results. One of our patients experienced manic episode after starting methylphenidate. A wrist-worn accelerometer recording demonstrated a decrease in the duration and quality of sleep. After discontinuation of methylphenidate treatment, the patient's symptoms subsided and there was no need for hospital admission. Actigraphic recording showed a decrease in the amount and quality of the patient's sleep as triggering factor for the manic symptoms. Conclusions. Disruptions of the sleep-wake cycle are probably important etiologic factors in mood disorders, especially bipolar disorder. The changes in length and quality of sleep described in this case report bear close resemblance to those of patients with a manic episode, although these symptoms were induced by methylphenidate
Parikymmenvuotisen psykiatrisen hoitopolun pienet pÀtkÀt ja pitkÀt paussit
Teema : lastenpsykiatria. English summaryNon peer reviewe
Looking for pyromania: Characteristics of a consecutive sample of Finnish male criminals with histories of recidivist fire-setting between 1973 and 1993
BACKGROUND: As pyromania is a rare diagnosis with questionable validity, we aimed to describe a forensic psychiatric population of arson recidivists. METHODS: The medical records as well as the forensic psychiatric examination statements of 90 arson recidivists referred for pretrial psychiatric assessment in Helsinki University Hospital Department of Forensic Psychiatry between 1973 and 1993 were reviewed. RESULTS: The most important diagnostic categories of arson recidivists were personality disorders, psychosis and mental retardation, often with comorbid alcoholism. In all, 68% of arsonists were under alcohol intoxication during the index crime. Psychotic as well as mentally retarded persons with repeated fire-setting behaviour were mostly "pure arsonists"- persons guilty only of arsons during their criminal careers. Arson recidivists with personality disorder, in contrast, often exhibited various types of criminal behaviour and arson appeared to be only one expression of a wide range of criminal activity. Comorbid alcoholism was apparently a more rarely observed phenomenon among pure arsonists than in "nonpure arsonists". We found only three subjects fulfilling the present diagnostic criteria for pyromania. CONCLUSION: Using the criteria of the DSM-IV-TR, pyromania must be regarded as an extremely rare phenomenon. Especially the question of substance intoxication as an exclusion criterion for pyromania should be reconsidered
Catatonic features in adolescents with schizophrenia with and without a comorbid pervasive developmental disorder
Peer reviewe
Autismikirjon hÀiriöt ja vÀkivaltakÀyttÀytyminen: oikeuspsykiatrinen nÀkökulma
Teema : oikeuspsykiatria. Vertaisarvioitu.Autismikirjon hÀiriöön voi liittyÀ erityispiirteitÀ, jotka voivat alentaa kynnystÀ vÀkivaltaiselle kÀyttÀytymiselle ja vÀkivaltarikoksille sekÀ myös rikoksen uhriksi joutumiselle. VÀkivaltarikollisuus ei tutkimusten valossa ole autismikirjon potilailla muuta vÀestöÀ yleisempÀÀ. Toisaalta vankipopulaatioon ja oikeuspsykiatriseen hoitoon kertyy autismikirjon potilaita jonkin verran enemmÀn, kuin mikÀ heidÀn osuutensa on vÀestössÀ. Potilaiden psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin kohentaminen ja rikosten uusimisen vÀhentÀminen edellyttÀvÀt nimenomaan tÀlle potilasryhmÀlle suunniteltuja interventioita. Suomessa on kehitetty kehityksellisen neuropsykiatrisen diagnoosin saaneiden vankien kuntoutuksen mallia.Peer reviewe
ADHD desynchronizes brain activity during watching a distracted multi-talker conversation
Individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties navigating dynamic everyday situations that contain multiple sensory inputs that need to either be attended to or ignored. As conventional experimental tasks lack this type of everyday complexity, we administered a film-based multi-talker condition with auditory distractors in the background. ADHD-related aberrant brain responses to this naturalistic stimulus were identified using intersubject correlations (ISCs) in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected from 51 adults with ADHD and 29 healthy controls. A novel permutation-based approach introducing studentized statistics and subject-wise voxel-level null-distributions revealed that several areas in cerebral attention networks and sensory cortices were desynchronized in participants with ADHD (nâŻ=âŻ20) relative to healthy controls (nâŻ=âŻ20). Specifically, desynchronization of the posterior parietal cortex occurred when irrelevant speech or music was presented in the background, but not when irrelevant white noise was presented, or when there were no distractors. We also show regionally distinct ISC signatures for inattention and impulsivity. Finally, post-scan recall of the film contents was associated with stronger ISCs in the default-mode network for the ADHD and in the dorsal attention network for healthy controls. The present study shows that ISCs can further our understanding of how a complex environment influences brain states in ADHD.Peer reviewe
Project DyAdd : Non-linguistic Theories of Dyslexia Predict Intelligence
Two themes have puzzled the research on developmental and learning disorders for decades. First, some of the risk and protective factors behind developmental challenges are suggested to be shared and some are suggested to be specific for a given condition. Second, language-based learning difficulties like dyslexia are suggested to result from or correlate with non-linguistic aspects of information processing as well. In the current study, we investigated how adults with developmental dyslexia or ADHD as well as healthy controls cluster across various dimensions designed to tap the prominent non-linguistic theories of dyslexia. Participants were 18-55-year-old adults with dyslexia (n= 36), ADHD (n= 22), and controls (n= 35). Non-linguistic theories investigated with experimental designs included temporal processing impairment, abnormal cerebellar functioning, procedural learning difficulties, as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to investigate the emerging groups and patterns of results across these experimental designs. LPA suggested three groups: (1) a large group with average performance in the experimental designs, (2) participants predominantly from the clinical groups but with enhanced conditioning learning, and (3) participants predominantly from the dyslexia group with temporal processing as well as visual processing and attention deficits. Despite the presence of these distinct patterns, participants did not cluster very well based on their original status, nor did the LPA groups differ in their dyslexia or ADHD-related neuropsychological profiles. Remarkably, the LPA groups did differ in their intelligence. These results highlight the continuous and overlapping nature of the observed difficulties and support the multiple deficit model of developmental disorders, which suggests shared risk factors for developmental challenges. It also appears that some of the risk factors suggested by the prominent non-linguistic theories of dyslexia relate to the general level of functioning in tests of intelligence.Peer reviewe
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