Financial expansion and economic performance: evaluating the role of research and development expenditures for China

This research targets to investigate the link between research and development expenditures and financial expansion along with other control variables such as natural resources (NRS) and gross domestic product (GDP) for China’s economy over the period of 1984–2021. To analyse china’s economy, the authors employ time series data relevant to econometrics approaches for long-run relationships (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR) to monitor changes over time between variables, which is important in actual studies. The models’ primary findings are as follows: The cointegration test confirms that there are log-run associations among the targeted variables. Our targeted results show that Research and development expenditures have the largest influence on the financial expansion of the economy. The control variables like NRS decreases financial expansion while GDP boosts financial expansion in china. These results imply that it is very important for policymakers further to change their policy concerning investment in R&D activities

Renewable energy and economic growth hypothesis: Evidence from N-11 countries

In the recent years, the trend of environmental sustainability is rapidly increasing by adopting renewable energy resources. However, the main concern is that whether renewable energy consumption contributes to economic growth. To investigate the issue, this study analyzes renewable energy led economic growth hypothesis in the Next-11 economies over the period 1990–2020. Also, this study aims to examine the influence of industry value added, gross national expenditure, and trade openness on economic growth of these economies. Along with the second-generation panel unit root test, this study employed the nonparametric panel data approach, i.e., quantile method of moments regression. The estimated results reveal the slopes coefficients are heterogeneous and cross-sectional dependency is present in the panel. The non-parametric approach reveals that validity of renewable energy led growth hypothesis. Also, the industry value added, gross national expenditure, and trade openness are found positively affecting economic growth of these economies. The panel causality test gives indication of the two way causal association between the variables. Based on the obtained results, policy implications are also provided for governors and researchers

A Global Analysis of the Relationship Between Urbanization and Fatalities in Earthquake-Prone Areas

Urbanization can be a challenge and an opportunity for earthquake risk mitigation. However, little is known about the changes in exposure (for example, population and urban land) to earthquakes in the context of global urbanization, and their impacts on fatalities in earthquake-prone areas. We present a global analysis of the changes in population size and urban land area in earthquake-prone areas from 1990 to 2015, and their impacts on earthquake-related fatalities. We found that more than two thirds of population growth (or 70% of total population in 2015) and nearly three quarters of earthquake-related deaths (or 307,918 deaths) in global earthquake-prone areas occurred in developing countries with an urbanization ratio (percentage of urban population to total population) between 20 and 60%. Holding other factors constant, population size was significantly and positively associated with earthquake fatalities, while the area of urban land was negatively related. The results suggest that fatalities increase for areas where the urbanization ratio is low, but after a ratio between 40 and 50% occurs, earthquake fatalities decline. This finding suggests that the resistance of building and infrastructure is greater in countries with higher urbanization ratios and highlights the need for further investigation. Our quantitative analysis is extended into the future using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways to reveal that by 2050, more than 50% of the population increase in global earthquake-prone areas will take place in a few developing countries (Pakistan, India, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh) that are particularly vulnerable to earthquakes. To reduce earthquake-induced fatalities, enhanced resilience of buildings and urban infrastructure generally in these few countries should be a priority

Vibrational relaxation dynamics in layered perovskite quantum wells

Organic-inorganic layered perovskites are two-dimensional quantum wells with layers of lead-halide octahedra stacked between organic ligand barriers. The combination of their dielectric confinement and ionic sublattice results in excitonic excitations with substantial binding energies that are strongly coupled to the surrounding soft, polar lattice. However, the ligand environment in layered perovskites can significantly alter their optical properties due to the complex dynamic disorder of soft perovskite lattice. Here, we observe the dynamic disorder through phonon dephasing lifetimes initiated by ultrafast photoexcitation employing high-resolution resonant impulsive stimulated Raman spectroscopy of a variety of ligand substitutions. We demonstrate that vibrational relaxation in layered perovskite formed from flexible alkyl-amines as organic barriers is fast and relatively independent of the lattice temperature. Relaxation in aromatic amine based layered perovskite is slower, though still fast relative to pure inorganic lead bromide lattices, with a rate that is temperature dependent. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we explain the fast rates of relaxation by quantifying the large anharmonic coupling of the optical modes with the ligand layers and rationalize the temperature independence due to their amorphous packing. This work provides a molecular and time-domain depiction of the relaxation of nascent optical excitations and opens opportunities to understand how they couple to the complex layered perovskite lattice, elucidating design principles for optoelectronic devices.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures, S

Need for continual education about disaster medicine for health professionals in China-a pilot study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Disaster Medicine training is not included in medical education curriculum in China, even though the country has suffered various disasters annually. We intended to assess the need for continual education regarding disaster management for health professionals in China.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A survey was conducted among 324 health professionals who participated in the response to the Wenchuan earthquake medical relief and public health assessment in October, 2008.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The most of participants (67.3%) received informal disaster medicine training, and only a few (12.7%) participated in disaster drills. Most of the participants wanted to get continual education about disaster medicine training (89.8%), but prefer on-line training course for the flexibility of time scheduling and travel through China.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The need for continual disaster medicine training is high; health professionals should be equipped with knowledge and skills for disaster management.</p

Analytical solutions to zeroth-order dispersion relations of a cylindrical metallic nanowire

Zeroth-order complex dispersion relations of a cylindrical metallic nanowire have been solved out analytically with approximate methods. The analytical solutions are valid for the sections of the dispersion relations whose frequencies are close to the Surface Plasmon frequency. The back bending of the Surface Plasmon-Polaritons(SPPs) can be well described by the analytical solutions, confirming that the back bending is originated from the metal Ohmic loss. The utility of the back bending point in the dispersion relation for the measurement of the metallic Ohimc loss has also been suggested.Comment: 6pages, 3figure

Cryogenic electron ptychographic single particle analysis with wide bandwidth information transfer

Advances in cryogenic transmission electron microscopy have revolutionised the determination of many macromolecular structures at atomic or near-atomic resolution. This method is based on conventional defocused phase contrast imaging. However, it has limitations of weaker contrast for small biological molecules embedded in vitreous ice, in comparison with cryo-ptychography, which shows increased contrast. Here we report a single-particle analysis based on the use of ptychographic reconstruction data, demonstrating that three dimensional reconstructions with a wide information transfer bandwidth can be recovered by Fourier domain synthesis. Our work suggests future applications in otherwise challenging single particle analyses, including small macromolecules and heterogeneous or flexible particles. In addition structure determination in situ within cells without the requirement for protein purification and expression may be possible