Anticancer Potential of Temozolomide-Loaded Eudragit-Chitosan Coated Selenium Nanoparticles: In Vitro Evaluation of Cytotoxicity, Apoptosis and Gene Regulation

Resistance to temozolomide (TMZ) is the main cause of death in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The use of nanocarriers for drug delivery applications is one of the known approaches to overcome drug resistance. This study aimed to investigate the possible effect of selenium-chitosan nanoparticles loaded with TMZ on the efficacy of TMZ on the expression of MGMT, E2F6, and RELA genes and the rate of apoptosis in the C6 cell line. Selenium nanoparticles (SNPs) were loaded with TMZ and then they were coated by Eudragit(R) RS100 (Eud) and chitosan (C-S) to prepare Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs. Physicochemical properties were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and dynamic light scattering (DLS) methods. Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs was evaluated for loading and release of TMZ by spectrophotometric method. Subsequently, SNPs loaded with curcumin (as a fluorophore) were analyzed for in vitro uptake by C6 cells. Cytotoxicity and apoptosis assay were measured by MTT assay and Annexin-PI methods. Finally, real-time PCR was utilized to determine the expression of MGMT, E2F6, and RELA genes. Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs was prepared with an average size of 200 nm as confirmed by the DLS and microscopical methods. Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs presented 82.77 +/- 5.30 loading efficiency with slow and pH-sensitive release kinetics. SNPs loaded with curcumin showed a better uptake performance by C6 cells compared with free curcumin (p-value < 0.01). Coated nanoparticles loaded with TMZ showed higher cytotoxicity, apoptosis (p-value < 0.0001), and down-regulation of MGMT, E2F6, and RELA and lower IC50 value (p-value < 0.0001) than free TMZ and control (p-value < 0.0001) groups. Using Cs as a targeting agent in Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs system improved the possibility for targeted drug delivery to C6 cells. This drug delivery system enhanced the apoptosis rate and decreased the expression of genes related to TMZ resistance. In conclusion, Se@TMZ/Eud-Cs may be an option for the enhancement of TMZ efficiency in GBM treatment

Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP): A Case Report with Oral and Maxillofacial Manifestations and new radiographic feature

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare form of genetic disorder categorized by progressive heterotopic ossification and congenital deformity of the big toes. Heterotopic ossification follows gradual inflammation of the soft tissues (flare-up) and results in limited movements in joints such as the Temporomandibular joint (TMJ). No effective medical treatment has been recognized for the treatment of FOP. FOP is commonly misdiagnosed, especially in the maxillofacial region. Patients with FOP often experience temporomandibular joint ankylosis. Therefore, dental professionals should be careful in planning treatment, including avoiding anesthesia injections, especially in the mandible. This study presents a case of FOP with temporomandibular joint ankylosis. An eight-year-old boy with the chief complaint of reduced mouth opening and clinical and radiological features of FOP.  The patient was referred to Mashhad Dental School in January 2016. He had not previously been diagnosed with FOP

Extragingival pyogenic granuloma: a case report

The pyogenic granuloma is thought to represent an exuberant tissue response to local irritation or trauma

The Cancer Stem Cell Hypothesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A New Target for the Treatment

Within a single tumor clone, cells have significantly different abilities to proliferate and form new tumors. This has led to the hypothesis that most cells in a cancer have a limited ability to divide and only a small subset of distinct cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), has the capacity to self-renew and form new tumors . It has been proposed that the development of tumors is based exclusively on the activity of cancer stem cells (CSCs) leading to a new model of carcinogenesis, the CSC hypothesis, in opposition to the conventional model of clonal evolution. Current failure of cancer therapies may be due to their lesser effect on potentially CSCs which remain vital and retain their full capacity to repopulate the tumor. Treatment strategies for the elimination of cancer therefore need to consider the consequences of the presence of CSCs. However, the development of new CSC-targeted strategies is currently hindered by the lack of reliable markers for the identification. We review current knowledge on stem cells in relation to oral cancer, focusing on the CSC hypothesis of oral tumor genesis.   Keyword:cancer stem cell, carcinom

Mandibular Swelling as the First Manifestation of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is a monoclonal malignant proliferationof plasma cells. The disease is more frequent in men, andthe average age of patients at the time of diagnosis of thedisease is about 60 years. Solitary myeloma may be the firstmanifestation of the disseminated form of multiple myeloma,which is characterized by multiple skeletal lesions,general metabolic alterations, impairment of renal functionand eventually death.The findings in regards to the present case suggest that oralmanifestations may be the first sign of multiple myeloma. Thismight highlight the important role that a dentist can have inthe early diagnosis of the disease.Iran J Med Sci 2010; 35(4): 331-334

Survey of Reactive Hyperplastic Lesions of the Oral Cavity in Mashhad, Northeast Iran

Background and aims. Reactive hyperplasias (RHs) are common oral mucosal lesions caused by irritation of the mucosa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequencies of various types of oral RHs in a university clinic. Materials and methods. Oral RH cases, undergone biopsy in a four-year period, were studied retrospectively. Data including age and gender as well as the location and clinical characteristics of the lesion were collected and analyzed. Results. A total of 123 cases (age range 7-79 years old; mean: 38.8 ± 18.50 years; male: female ratio, 1.9:1) were evaluated. Over a half of the lesions including pyogenic granuloma, giant cell granuloma, and peripheral ossifying fibroma were found in gingiva (52%). Fibroma involved mostly the buccal mucosa. Most lesions had smooth surface and sessile base. Conclusion. The clinical features of oral inflammatory hyperplasia in the studied sample were similar to those previously reported

Combined Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor and Basal Cell Ameloblastoma: A Rare Case Report

Ameloblastoma is an odontogenic tumor with diverse clinical behavior and histomorphologic presentations. Basal cell ameloblastoma are extremely rare variants of ameloblastoma. Keratocystic odontogenic tumor (KCOT) is a distinct form of odontogenic cyst that is considered a benign cystic neoplasm and not a cyst. Co-occurrence of these odontogenic tumors has been rarely reported.This paper reports a 34-year old female patient with a unilocular radiolucency around the crown of a partially erupted third molar that was detected accidentally on a routine radiographic examination. She underwent excisional biopsy with a clinical diagnosis of dentigerous cyst. Histopathologic examination revealed a cystic lesion with criteria of OKC and islands and nests reminiscent of basal cell ameloblastoma and acanthomatous ameloblastoma in the stroma. Follow-up showed no recurrence of lesion to date. Due to the rarity of the lesion, the diagnosis was challenging but altogether we made a diagnosis of keratoameloblastoma with basaloid features

Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Oral Lichen Planus: A Report from Northeast of Iran

Introduction: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease in oral mucosa and skin. Recently, reports have demonstrated a possible relationship between lichen planus and liver diseases. During the past decade, there has been a hypothesis regarding viral etiological agents that have been found to be in association with hepatotrophic viruses known as Hepatitis B and C with LP. This research was studied in Mashhad, northeast of Iran, to find a relationship between OLP and HBV infection. Methods: Age and gender of 134 patients (with OLP) and 134 controls (without OLP) were not matched and their serum samples were respectively screened for HBsAg by ELISA (third generation) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBV-DNA. Results: Tests were positive (for both HBsAg and HBV-DNA) for 9 patients (6.71%) with OLP and 2 healthy individuals (1.49%) infected with HBV (P=0.03). Conclusion: There was a relationship between HBV and OLP in our population. Based on our findings, it is recommended that viral serology for Hepatitis B and OLP patients be conducted as a routine screening process

Kindler Syndrome: A case Report from Iran

Kindler syndrome (KS) is a rare, autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by skin blistering and photosensitivity in infancy, progressive poikiloderma, and diffuse cutaneous atrophy. It affects the skin, mucous membranes, and oral cavity and is caused by mutations in the KIND1 gene on 20p12.3. The first case of KS associated with periodontitis was reported in 1996, and have been infrequently reported since. Here we present a case of KS with classic clinical presentations involving skin, mucous membranes, and the periodontium in a patient from Iran