Aspectos biológicos das Orchidaceae de uma campina da Amazônia Central

This study is concerned with the taxonomy, geographical distribution, phenology and floral biology of species of Orchidaceae found at the Campina Biological Reserve (Manaus-Caracaraí Road, Km. 62). A list of the orchids collected from or cited as occurring in campinas of Central Amazonia has also been included for comparison. A total of 24 genera and 48 species of orchids were found in the campinas studied. Encyclia fragrans (Sw.) Lemée was found to be the most common species. The number of endemic species appeared to be small, 9.67%. Only Bulbophyllum correae Pabst, Encyclia tarumana Schltr., and Maxillaria pauciflora Barb. Rodr. appeared as species characteristic of this community. 31 species belonging to 17 genera were found at the Campina Reserve, and most species had a broad range of distribution. Bulbophyllum correae Pabst was collected here which extended its previously described range, and Ornithidium parviflorum (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f. was collected for the first time in the state of Amazonas. The phenology of the species was variable throughout the twelve months of the year, and the phenology of species belonging to the same genus was also variable. The months of little flowering activity with the rainy season when insolation, radiation and temperatures were low. During the season of less rain, prior to the budding period, temperatures dropped to an absolute minimum of 19.0°C. This probably induced the species which flower during the rainy season to be activated at this time, when normally they would not flower. The months of greatest flowering coincided coincided with the relatively dry months, when radiation, temperatures and insolation were high. Only Epidendrum huebneri Schltr. of all the flowering species, blossomed all year round. In relation to the vegetative development there did not seem to be a marked difference between those species which flowered during the dry and wet seasons respectively. The genus Catasetum was the only one to lose its leaves during the dry season. The majority of pollinization syndromes of the plants found at the Campina Reserve showed adaptation to Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera and Trochillidae (in that order). The plants produced odor mostly during the morning. Few species produced odors at night or during the afternoon. Three species did not produce odors. Rodriguezia secunda H.B.K. was previously reported as being pollinized by Trochollidae. However, it was observed that Heliconius hermanthena (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera) seemed to be the real pollinator in the area. Analysing the floral syndrome of this species, it was concluded that the species syndrome encompasses the two types of pollinators. This is of great importance from the evolutionary point of view of this species, as the campina population is isolated from other populations, and this could encourage future occurrence of speciation. The majority of the species need a pollinizing agent for effective fertilization according to the data on pollination and fertilization. Only Epidendrum strobiliferum Rchb. f. was autogamous. Once the number of seeds per capsule in this family is taken into consideration, the average computed for pollinization and fruiting is significant, 0.49 and 0.52 respectively. The fact that the average for fruiting is higher than the average for pollinization at first seems contradictory. However, this questionable result is explained by the autogamy of Epidendrum strobiliferum, which influences the numerical results. Insofar as the relationship between the pollination mechanisms and pollinizing agents is concerned, it was noted that the pollinia adheres specifically and precisely. This is of great importance in maintaining the specificity of the pollinizing mechanism. It was noted that animals other than specific pollinizing agents also visited the flowers, but they either did not carry pollinia, or their visit did not result in pollinization.Neste trabalho, estudou-se a taxonomia, distribuição geográfica, fenologia e biologia floral das Orchidaeeae da Reserva Biológica de Campina, estrada Manaus-Caracaraí, km 62. Apresentou-se também, uma tabela comparativa de todas as orquídeas já coletadas ou citadas das campinas da Amazônia Central. Coletou-se Bulbophyllum correae Pabst pela primeira vez fora do local da descrição original e indicou-se Ornithidium parviflorum (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb, f. como nova para o Estado do Amazonas. Os espectros fenológicos aos espécies da campina estudada foram bastante variáveis, estando dispersos pelos 12 meses do ano. A maioria das síndromes de polinização das plantas da Reserva Biológica mostrou-se adaptada aos Hymenoptera; a seguir vieram os Lepidoptera, os Diptera e os Trochillidae. Rodriguezia secunda H.B.K. foi anteriormente reportada como sendo polinizado por Trochillidae. Neste estudo, observou-se Heliconius hermanthena (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera) como o real polinizador na área

Estudos da flora orquidológica do Estado do Amazonas. I - Descrição e observação da biologia floral de Stanhopea candida Barb. Rodr.

This is the first of a series of articles on orchids of the state of Amazonas, and their floral biology. In the present paper, the floral biology of Stanhopea candida Barb. Rodr. was studied. The species was included in the grandiflora group due to its pollination by a "fall through" mechanism. The attractant strategies of the species are elaborate. Pollination, in the vicinity of Manaus, is carried out by Euiaema mocsaryi, as effective pollinator, while Euglossa ignita acts as an "odor thief".O autor com este trabalho começa uma série sobre as orquídeas do Amazonas e sua biologia floral. Nesta primeira publicação, foi analisada a biologia floral de Stanhopea candida Barb. Rodr. Esta espécie foi incluída no grupo grandiflora, pois possui mecanismo da polinização do tipo "queda". As estratégias de atração da espécie também são bem elaboradas. Quanto à sua polinização, na região de Manaus, Eulaema mocsaryi é o polinizador efetivo, enquanto que Euglossa ignita comporta-se como "ladrão de odor"

Estudos da flora orquidológica do Estado do Amazonas. II - Masdevallia osmariniana Braga (Orchidaceae), espécie nova da flora amazônica

In this paper the autor discribes a new species of Masdevallia (Orchidaceae) from amazoniam region. Now the number of species of that genus extendes to nine in this region. The new species M. osmariniana, differes mainly from the nearest species, M. o'brieniana in the linear-lanceolate leaves, petals 2-venoses, unguiculo costulated, lip apex denticulate, column with auricles erose in the base and corniculate at the apex and. finally, by clinandrium at the apex bipartite.", 'enCom a presente espécie, proposta sob o nome de Masdevallia osmariniana, eleva-se para nove o número de taxa do gênero ocorrentes na Amazônia. Pela primeira vez descreve-se, nesta região, uma espécie pertencente ã seção Rhombipetala

Estudos da flora orquidológica do Estado do Amazonas. III-X Brassocattleya rubyi Braga (Orchidaceae) híbrido natural novo da flora amazônica

In this paper, the author describes a new natural hybrid of Brassocattleya (Orchidaceae) from the Amazonian region, thus extending the number of taxa of this hybrid genus to four in Brazil. By analysis of floral biology and probability of hybridization, we could verify the high degree of isolation between C. eldorado and B. martiana, an important aspect in the evolution of this family.Com o presente taxon, proposto sob o nome de X Brassocattleya rubyi, eleva-se para quatro o número de taxa do gênero híbrido ocorrentes no Brasil. Pela primeira vez descreve-se, nesta região, um taxon pertencente a este gênero, aumentando também o número de espécies da Reserva Biológica de Campina INPA/SUFRAMA (estrada Manaus-Caracaraí, km 45)

Primeiro registro de simuliidae (Diptera) com polinários de asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae)

The presence of pollinaria of two species of Asclepiadoideae (Apocynaceae), possibly. Tassadia cf. martiana Decne. and T. cf. obovata Decne., attached to the mouth parts of simulid black flies [Cerqueirellum amazonicum (Goeldi), C. argentiscutum (Shelley & Luna Dias), C. oyapockense (Floch & Abonnenc), and Cerqueirellum sp.] are reported for the first time. The frequency and distribution of simulids recorded with pollinaria suggest that removal of pollinaria by these flies is not casual. Simulids probably use nectar in flowers of Asclepiadoideae as source of sugar, being able to remove their pollinaria. This finding demonstrates that simulids are not only vector of pathogenic parasites, but also carry pollinaria, and thus may represent a group of pollinators for species of Asclepiadoideae with small flowers

Revisão taxonômica das espécies amazônicas de Rhizophoraceae

A taxonomic revision of the Amazonian species of Rhizophoraceae was made. There are 5 genera and 12 species represented in the area. No new taxa were found and several existing names were reduced to synonomy. Comments are given on the relationship of various species and the distribution of each species is given on maps. Some information about the polen grains is given too.Estudo das Rhizophoraceas da Amazônia abrangendo 5 gênerosRhizophora, Cassipourea, Sterigmapetalum, Polygonanthus e Anisophyllea. Doze espécies dos referidos gêneros são estudadas e descritas. Novos taxa não foram encontrados, porém, diversos nomes foram colocados em sinonímia. Apresentada a descrição do pólen de algumas espécies

Reproductive biology of Cattleya eldorado, a species of Orchidaceae from the Amazonian white sand campinas

The orchid plants are highly prized for their lush exotic flowers. It is the largest plant family with more than 24000 species, which indicates a high diversity of forms and adaptations to different environments, including the capacity to attract, deceive and manipulate visitors involved in cross-pollination. Cattleya eldorado occurs in areas of white sand campinas, a typical vegetation type of the Amazon region, which is under strong anthropogenic pressure. This work's main objectives to know the biological processes of C. eldorado providing subsidies to maintain and manage it in its natural habitat. This study was conducted from 2000 to 2006 in the Campina Biological Reserve, during its flowering period. C. eldorado is an epiphytic orchid species that has the melittophyly syndrome and is adapted to its pollinator, the bee Eulaema mocsaryi recognizing their flowers by smell and by visual stimuli, through their color and reflection of ultraviolet light. C. eldorado is self-compatible, even if it requires a pollinating agent for the transfer of the pollinarium until its deposition in the stigmatic cavity of the flower.", 'enAs Orchidaceae são muito apreciadas por suas flores exóticas e exuberantes. É a maior família de plantas apresentando mais de 24000 espécies, o que denota uma alta diversidade de formas e adaptações a diferentes ambientes, como também para atração, engano e manipulação de visitantes na realização da polinização cruzada. Cattleya eldorado ocorre em áreas de campinas, que são formações vegetais típicas da região amazônica, que se encontram sob forte ação antrópica. Este trabalho tem como um de seus principais objetivos conhecer parte dos processos biológicos de C. eldorado fornecendo subsídios para conservá-la e manejá-la em seu habitat natural. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na Reserva Biológica de Campina, de 2000 a 2006, durante a sua floração. C. eldorado é uma espécie epifítica que apresenta a síndrome de melitofilia, estando adaptada ao seu polinizador, a abelha Eulaema mocsaryi, que reconhece suas flores pelo odor e pelo estímulo visual através de sua coloração e reflexão de luz ultravioleta. C. eldorado é uma espécie autocompatível, embora necessite de um agente polinizador para a transferência do polinário até sua deposição na cavidade estigmática da flor

Omecamtiv mecarbil in chronic heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, GALACTIC‐HF: baseline characteristics and comparison with contemporary clinical trials

Aims: The safety and efficacy of the novel selective cardiac myosin activator, omecamtiv mecarbil, in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is tested in the Global Approach to Lowering Adverse Cardiac outcomes Through Improving Contractility in Heart Failure (GALACTIC‐HF) trial. Here we describe the baseline characteristics of participants in GALACTIC‐HF and how these compare with other contemporary trials. Methods and Results: Adults with established HFrEF, New York Heart Association functional class (NYHA) ≥ II, EF ≤35%, elevated natriuretic peptides and either current hospitalization for HF or history of hospitalization/ emergency department visit for HF within a year were randomized to either placebo or omecamtiv mecarbil (pharmacokinetic‐guided dosing: 25, 37.5 or 50 mg bid). 8256 patients [male (79%), non‐white (22%), mean age 65 years] were enrolled with a mean EF 27%, ischemic etiology in 54%, NYHA II 53% and III/IV 47%, and median NT‐proBNP 1971 pg/mL. HF therapies at baseline were among the most effectively employed in contemporary HF trials. GALACTIC‐HF randomized patients representative of recent HF registries and trials with substantial numbers of patients also having characteristics understudied in previous trials including more from North America (n = 1386), enrolled as inpatients (n = 2084), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (n = 1127), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (n = 528), and treated with sacubitril‐valsartan at baseline (n = 1594). Conclusions: GALACTIC‐HF enrolled a well‐treated, high‐risk population from both inpatient and outpatient settings, which will provide a definitive evaluation of the efficacy and safety of this novel therapy, as well as informing its potential future implementation