A study on the rehydration ability of isolated apple cells after osmotic dehydration treatments

[EN] A study on rehydration of isolated apple cells is presented. Isolated cells previously dehydrated in 35% and 25% sucrose solutions were rehydrated in 5% sucrose under the microscope with the aim of analyzing the phenomena that take place during rehydration. Cells response to rehydration was found to be more heterogeneous than their response to hypertonic treatments. Cells showed different degrees of delay in their response, which was related to differences in the formation and preservation of membrane-to-wall connections. Results confirmed that rehydration success is based on the preservation of the structures along both, dehydration and rehydration treatments. During swelling, Hechtian strands are reincorporated to the protoplast as far as they are formed and preserved during dehydration and rehydration; their absence or shortage leading to a loss of rehydration capacity or even membrane lysis. Different stages have been identified during rehydration, mass transfer being coupled with deformation–relaxation phenomena once the protoplast reaches the cell wall. Phenomenological coefficients for water transfer indicated that rehydration kinetics is faster than water transfer during dehydration.The authors would like to acknowledge Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) for financial support (Project AGL2009-09905).Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2013). A study on the rehydration ability of isolated apple cells after osmotic dehydration treatments. Journal of Food Engineering. 115(2):145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.08.038S145153115

EXTENSION OF THE PROJECT FOR OBTAINING BIOETHANOL FROM CITRUS WASTE

[EN] The production of citrus fruit in Spain generates more than 0.5 million tons of waste. This is mainly due to rejects when packing fresh fruit and the waste generated by processing industries. An important challenge for the citrus sector is the use of this waste to unlock its economic value and eliminate the environmental problems that it generates. The Instituto Universitario de Ingeniería de Alimentos para el Desarrollo (Iu-IAD) at the Universitat Politècnica de Valencia (UPV) has developed a system for transforming citrus waste into bioethanol and into high value-added products such as essential oils. The purpose of this study was to find the most appropriate sites to implement a bioethanol industry from citrus waste. A spreadsheet has been created to calculate the bioethanol mass flow from oranges, tangerines, lemons, and limes and grapefruits flow waste. Total waste of the main citrus producers was estimated as the sum of the rejects when packing fresh fruits and the waste generated by processing industries. Total waste value (oranges, tangerines, lemons and, limes and grapefruits) was multiplied by the ratio between mass flow and citrus waste flow in order to calculate the bioethanol production in different countries. The results suggest that Brazil, USA, Mexico, China, India and Italy would be the most appropriate countries to implement a bioethanol industry from citrus waste.Conesa Domínguez, C.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2015). EXTENSION OF THE PROJECT FOR OBTAINING BIOETHANOL FROM CITRUS WASTE. Acta Horticulturae. (1065):1693-1702. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2015.1065.217S16931702106

Understanding osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods by means of a cellular approach

[EN] This contribution presents a study on osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods based on a microstructural approach in which simplified systems such as isolated apple cells and protoplasts have been used. An appropriate description of the microstructure of the raw material and its evolution during processing has been evidenced as critical in order to better understand and describe osmotic dehydration processes; as a direct consequence, it is stated that predictive models should incorporate this microstructural information so as to be more reliable. Microstructural changes observed by examining the isolated cells under the microscope along the treatments have been used to identify critical points that separate the stages that a cell undergoes, and which depend also on its particular response to the osmotic treatment (lysis, shrinkage or complete plasmolysis). Irreversible thermodynamics has been used to mathematically describe the process by distinguishing two main stages: one at which significant deformation-relaxation phenomena are coupled with mass transfer, and another one at which the former may be neglected. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) for financial support, and the organising committee of the International Conference on Food Innovation 2010 (FoodInnova2010) for granting this work with the best oral communication for young scientists award.Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2012). Understanding osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods by means of a cellular approach. Journal of Food Engineering. 110(2):240-247. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.05.012S240247110

An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues

[EN] Waste management is critical for the food industry for which there is increasing interest in food waste valorisation processes. Pineapple waste, an abundant agro-industrial residue, is studied as a low-cost material for the generation of different value-added products. The work succeeds in obtaining bioethanol and proteolytic enzymes from these residues and, accordingly, integrated approaches for pineapple waste valorisation combining the production of bioethanol and bromelain in a unique process are suggested. There are several potential uses for the products obtained, while bioethanol is a well-known alternative to petroleum-based transport fuels, bromelain is mainly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and it has also applications in the cosmetics, textile, leather and detergents ones. Proposals are based on the optimization of bioethanol production through different fermentation and saccharification processes: direct fermentation of the liquor, consecutive saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation increased ethanol production (5.4 +/- 0.1% v/v) as compared to direct fermentation (4.7 +/- 0.3%) and saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste (4.9 +/- 0.4% v/v) processes. On the other hand, bromelain separation was accomplished using membrane separation techniques (microfiltration and ultrafiltration), and further stabilization of the concentrated stream by freeze-drying. An increased protein concentration after downstream processes was confirmed by the Lowry analytical method (11.5 +/- 1.2 to 21.0 +/- 1.3 mg/mL in the retentate), and the proteolytic activity of the lyophilized powder was estimated in 340-805 Gelatine Digestion Units. The resulting permeate successfully underwent fermentation for bioethanol production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2018). An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues. Journal of Cleaner Production. 172:1224-1231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.284S1224123117

Programa de intervención psicopedagógica en alumnos con problemas de lectoescritura

Treball Final de Màster Universitari en Psicopedagogia. Codi: SAW020. Curs acadèmic: 2017/2018This work focuses on the difficulties of reading and writing suffered by a student in third grade of primary school and who goes to the psychopedagogical center to solve these difficulties. A literature review on the problems of literacy and possible teaching methods has been made, thus knowing the possible causes of the difficulties, after which an evaluation has been made respecting to present an intervention methodology based on specific tasks to alleviate their difficulties in ten sessions. He has shown great improvement in reading, but needs to improve in the writing processes. It is recommended the constant revision of the intervention and more careful attention to writing to achieve greater improvement.Este trabajo se centra en las dificultades de lectura y escritura que sufre un alumno de tercero de primaria y que acude al centro psicopedagógico para poner solución a dichas dificultades . Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica sobre los problemas de la lectoescritura y posibles métodos de enseñanza, conociendo así las posibles causas de las dificultades , tras lo cual se ha realizado una evaluación al respeto para presentar una metodología de intervención basada en tareas específicas para paliar sus dificultades en diez sesiones . Ha mostrado una gran mejoría en la lectura , pero necesita mejorar en los procesos de escritura. Se recomienda la revisión constante de la intervención e incidir con mayor atención en la escritura para conseguir una mayor mejoría

Hydrolytic performance of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei cellulases on lignocellulosic industrial pineapple waste intended for bioethanol production

[EN] Purpose The hydrolytic action of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei commercial cellulases, alone or combined with A. niger hemicellulase, against industrial pineapple waste as a previous step to produce bioethanol was investigated. Methods Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were conducted in static conditions in an incubation oven, by adding the corresponding enzyme mixture to the pineapple waste (combinations of 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 (w/w) of cellulase from A. niger or T. reesei and hemicellulase from A. niger). pH and total soluble solids were examined along the treatments, and the sugar profile in the final hydrolysates was evaluated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Results Trichoderma reesei cellulase exhibited a significantly faster initial hydrolysing rate than A. niger cellulase (0.258±0.004 vs. 0.15±0.07, for the maximum enzyme concentrations assayed), although differences regarding soluble sugars increments were not significant at the end of the treatment (0.349±0.009 vs. 0.34±0.05). Glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose and cellobiose were identified in the hydrolysates. Increasing enzyme concentration (cellulase or hemicellulase) produced an increase in total and fermentable sugars released (17 and 11%, respectively, for the maximum enzymatic concentration assayed); besides, a synergistic effect of combining hemicellulase and cellulase was identified. Accumulation of cellobiose (up to 4.4 g/L), which may slow down hydrolysis, evidenced the weaker ß-glucosidase activity of T. reesei cellulase. Due to its performance and the lower cost of the enzyme, A. niger cellulase was chosen as an alternative. Conclusions Commercial A. niger cellulase represents an efficient alternative to T. reesei cellulase for the saccharification of industrial pineapple waste, especially when combined with a hemicellulase. Total sugars present in the final hydrolysates indicated that A. niger cellulase performed similarly at a lower cost, with no cellobiose accumulation. However, if processing time is a limiting factor, T. reesei cellulase could be the one preferred.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Universitat Politècnica de València FPI grant programmeConesa Domínguez, C.; Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2017). Hydrolytic performance of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei cellulases on lignocellulosic industrial pineapple waste intended for bioethanol production. Waste and Biomass Valorization. 1-10. doi:10.1007/s12649-017-9887-zS135913689EC of European Parliament and of the Council: Directive 2009/28/ of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources. Off. J. Eur. Union. L. 140/64(5), 6 (2009)Demirbas, A.: Production of fuels from crops. In: Speight, G.J (ed.) The Biofuels Handbook, pp. 201–227. RSC Publishing, Cambridge (2011)Ketnawa, S., Chaiwut, P., Rawdkuen, S.: Pineapple wastes: a potential source for bromelain extraction. Food Bioprod. Process. 90, 385–391 (2012)Nga, N.T., Trang, N.T.: Influence of the fermentation of pineapple wastes with the use of methanobacterium strains separated in Vietnam on the production of biogas from them. J. Eng. Phys. Thermophys. 88(2), 1204–1208 (2015)Abdullah, A., Mat, H.: Characterisation of solid and liquid pineapple waste. Reaktor 12, 48–52 (2008)Fujii, T., Fang, X., Inoue, H., Murakami, K., Sawayama, S.: Enzymatic hydrolyzing performance of Acremonium cellulolyticus and Trichoderma reesei against three lignocellulosic materials. Biotechnol. Biofuels 2, 24 (2009). doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-2-24Roda, A., Faveri, D.M., Dordoni, R., Lambri, M.: Vinegar production from pineapple wastes - preliminary saccharification trials. Chem. Eng. Trans. 37, 607–612 (2014)Khedkar, M.A., Nimbalkar, P.R., Gaikwad, S.G., Chavan, P.V., Bankar, S.B.: Sustainable biobutanol production from pineapple waste by using Clostridium acetobutylicum B 527: drying kinetics study. Bioresour. Technol. 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.058 (2016)Galbe, M., Zacchi, G.: A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 59, 618–628 (2002)Sun, Y., Cheng, J.: Hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials for ethanol production: a review. Bioresour. Technol. 83, 1–11 (2002)Rosgaard, L., Pedersen, S., Langston, J., Akerhiem, D., Cherry, J.R., Meyer, A.S.: Evaluation of minimal Trichoderma reesei cellulase mixtures on differently pretreated barley straw substrates. Biotechnol. Progress. 23(6), 1270–1276 (2007)Balat, M.: Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials via the biochemical pathway: a review. Energy Convers. Manag. 52(2), 858–875 (2011)Sternberg, D., Vijayakumar, P., Reese, E.T.: β-Glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Can. J. Microbiol. 23, 139–147 (1997)Chootnut, A., Saejong, M., Angkharak, K.: The production of ethanol and hydrogen from pineapple peel by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Enterobacter Aerogenes. Energy Proced. 52, 242–249 (2014)Aguiar, C.L.: Biodegradation of the cellulose from sugarcane bagasse by fungal cellulase. Cienc. Tecnol. Aliment 3, 117–121 (2001)Park, Y.S., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.S., Hong, S.I., Kim, S.W.: Xylanase production in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus niger mutant using statistical experimental designs. Appl. Microbiol. Biot. 58, 762–766 (2002)Peleg, M.: An empirical-model for the description of moisture sorption curves. J. Food Sci. 53(4), 1216–1219 (1988)Cárcel, J.A., García-Pérez, J.V., Sanjuán, N., Mulet, A.: Influence of pre-treatment and storage temperature on the evolution of the colour of dried persimmon. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 43, 1191–1196 (2010)Bayer, E.A., Chanzy, H., Lamed, R., Shoham, Y.: Cellulose, cellulases and cellulosomes. Curr. Opin. Str. Biol. 8, 548–557 (1998)Hahn-Hagerdal, B., Karhumaa, K., Fonseca, C., Spencer-Martins, I., Gorwa-Grauslund, M.F.: Towards industrial pentose-fermenting yeast strains. Appl. Biochem. 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Evaluation of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Rojo Brillante) Industrial Residue as a Source for Value Added Products

[EN] Purpose To evaluate the potential of the industrial waste of Rojo Brillante persimmon as a source for value-added products. The antioxidant compounds present in persimmon industrial waste (peel and calyx) and the suitability of this bagasse to be used as a substrate second-generation bioethanol production are studied and discussed. Both value-added products would contribute to the valorization of persimmon fruit residues, which are expected to increase to a higher extent in subsequent years, thus contributing to the food industry sustainability and circular economy. Methods Antioxidant properties were evaluated by analyzing total phenol content, soluble tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the waste, consisting of the peel and calyx of the fresh-cut persimmon industry. In a different approach, several fermentation and saccharification processes were assayed in order to valorize the waste as a substrate for bioethanol production: direct fermentation (DF) of the waste (with water addition, sterilized or not) was carried out and compared with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the waste (with and without water addition). Results The amount of phenols (59.2¿±¿0.4 mg AGE/100 g FW), flavonoids (7.5¿±¿0.4 mg QE/100 g FW) and tannins (11.43¿±¿0.08 g AGE/100 g FW), as well as the antioxidant capacity (16.67 mg TE/100 g FW) of persimmon industrial waste were in the range of the pulp values. Persimmon waste was especially rich in carotenoids: ß-carotene (400¿±¿7 µg/100 g FW) and lycopene (194.3¿±¿0.7 µg/100 g FW), these being values higher than in the whole fruit or pulp. Bioethanol production was more successful when a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was directly applied on the grinded waste (0.36¿±¿0.010 gethanol/gsugar), as compared to the other DF and SSF assayed. Conclusions Persimmon waste can be considered a good candidate for obtaining value-added products. Carotenoids could be extracted from this waste, but it is recommended to develop food ingredients in the form of flours of powders to be used as functional ingredients. Persimmon waste is also recommended as a substrate for second-generation bioethanol production, either alone or mixed with other food residual biomass.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Universitat Politècnica de València FPI grant programme and Anecoop S. Coop for facilitating the persimmon wasteConesa, C.; Laguarda-Miro, N.; Fito, P.; Seguí Gil, L. (2020). Evaluation of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. 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Study of the effect of microwave power coupled with hot air drying on orange peel by dielectric spectroscopy

[EN] Monitoring moisture and water activity during drying is crucial for process optimization, avoiding inadequate uses of energy. The main objective of this work was to study the dielectric properties of orange peel during hot air drying at 55 °C (HAD) and microwave power coupled with hot air drying at different power intensities (2 W/g, 4 W/g and 6 W/g). At 5, 15, 40, 60 and 120 min mass, aw, moisture, and permittivity were measured in fresh and dried samples. Results allowed developing a dielectric isotherm technique by adapting the GAB model to predict aw in dried orange peel by using ε'ε' (20 GHz). The physical meaning of the dielectric isotherm parameters (View the MathML sourceε0' and Cd) was studied. The value of View the MathML sourceε0' at 20 GHz (γ-dispersion) represents the induction effect of the minimum quantity of adsorbed water or the monomolecular moisture layer. The parameter Cd is related with isosteric heat, as well as the C parameter of the GAB model. The application of MW power produced an increase of isosteric heat or adsorption energy of the monomolecular layer, improving surface tension of samples and thus the hygroscopicity, explaining the reduction of the View the MathML sourceε0' independently of the quantity of the water molecules adsorbed.The authors would like to acknowledge the Basque Government for the financial support of the project (LasaiFood). The author Marta Castro-Giraldez wants to thanks to the UPV Postdoctoral Program (PAID-10-14) from Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for their support. The authors acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion throughout the project AGL2011-30096.Talens Vila, C.; Castro Giraldez, M.; Fito Suñer, PJ. (2016). Study of the effect of microwave power coupled with hot air drying on orange peel by dielectric spectroscopy. LWT - Food Science and Technology. 66:622-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2015.11.015S6226286

Effect of Microwave Power Coupled with Hot Air Drying on Sorption Isotherms and Microstructure of Orange Pee

[EN] Drying is one of the most cost-effective methods of worthwhile by-product valorisation. This study had two main objectives. The first was to determine the effect of hot air drying (HAD) combined with microwave (MW) irradiation on the treatment kinetics and the macrostructural and microstructural properties of the dried product. The second aim was to develop engineering tools to predict the extent of dehydration. Drying was performed using hot air at 55 A degrees C and the combined (HAD + MW) treatment at different power intensities (2, 4, and 6 W/g). After 5, 15, 40, 60, and 120 min, the mass, surface, volume, water activity and moisture were measured in fresh and dried samples. Sorption isotherms were obtained and fitted to the GAB model, with high correlation coefficients. The macroscopic and microscopic analyses showed shrinkage and swelling in the peel tissue caused by the MW treatment. The HAD + MW methods not only resulted in increased moisture reduction but also induced microstructural changes that generated higher sorption capacity.The authors would like to thank the Basque Government for the financial support of the project (LasaiFood). They also acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia, Industria y Competitividad, Programa Estatal de I+D+i orientada a los Retos de la Sociedad AGL2016-80643-R. This paper is contribution no. 777 from AZTI (Food Research Division). The authors would like to thank the Electronic Microscopy Service of the Universidad Politecnica de Valencia for its assistance in the use of Cryo-SEM.Talens Vila, C.; Castro Giraldez, M.; Fito Suñer, PJ. (2018). Effect of Microwave Power Coupled with Hot Air Drying on Sorption Isotherms and Microstructure of Orange Pee. Food and Bioprocess Technology. 11(4):723-734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-017-2041-xS723734114Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., McMinn, W. A. M., & Magee, T. R. 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