Characteristic Formulae for Timed Automata

This paper offers characteristic formula constructions in the real-time logic L for several behavioural relations between (states of)timed automata. The behavioural relations studied in this work aretimed (bi)similarity, timed ready simulation, faster-than bisimilarityand timed trace inclusion. The characteristic formulae delivered byour constructions have size which is linear in that of the timed automaton they logically describe. This also applies to the characteristicformula for timed bisimulation equivalence, for which an exponentialspace construction was previously offered by Laroussinie, Larsen andWeise

Remarkably similar migration patterns between different red-backed shrike populations suggest that migration rather than breeding area phenology determines the annual cycle

The regular fluctuation of resources across the Globe guides movements of migratory animals. To ensure sufficient reproductive output and maintain viable population sizes, migratory animals should match arrival at breeding areas with local peaks in resource availability. It is generally assumed that breeding phenology dictates the timing of the annual cycle, but this is poorly studied. Here, we use light-level geolocator tracking data to compare the annual spatiotemporal migration patterns of a long-distance migratory songbird, the red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio, breeding at widely different latitudes within Europe. We find that populations use remarkably similar migration routes and are highly synchronized in time. Additional tracks from populations breeding at the edges of the European range support these similar migration patterns. When comparing timing of breeding and vegetation phenology, as a measure of resource availability across populations, we find that arrival and timing of breeding corresponds to the peak in vegetation greenness at northern latitudes. At lower latitudes birds arrive simultaneously with the more northerly breeding populations, but after the local greenness peak, suggesting that breeding area phenology does not determine the migratory schedule. Rather, timing of migration in red-backed shrikes may be constrained by events in other parts of the annual cycle.</p

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Characteristic Formulae for Timed Automata

This paper offers characteristic formula constructions in the real-time logic Lν for several behavioural relations between (states of) timed automata. The behavioural relations studied in this work are timed (bi)similarity, timed ready simulation, faster-than bisimilarity and timed trace inclusion. The characteristic formulae delivered by our constructions have size which is linear in that of the timed automaton they logically describe. This also applies to the characteristic formula for timed bisimulation equivalence, for which an exponential space construction was previously offered by Laroussinie, Larsen and Weise