Adenosine deaminase as marker of insulin resistance

Background:Type-2 diabetes complications contribute to increased morbidity and mortality and hence early diagnosis and control of diabetes is necessary. Adenosine deaminase activity is present in almost all human tissues, but the highest levels are found in lymphoid system. Aim of the study was to identify the correlation between adenosine deaminase levels and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetics and serum adenosine deaminase levels and glycemic control.Methods: In this case control study, patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus, attending out-patient department or admitted in the hospital during the study period, fulfilling the study criteria were taken up.Results: 200 patients were included in the study, with 100 patients in the case and controls group respectively. The mean body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, post prandial blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, fasting serum insulin levels, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index values were found to be significantly elevated (p<0.0001) in case group compared to controls. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index was significantly reduced (p<0.0001) in study group compared to controls. Adenosine deaminase  levels were significantly high (p<0.0001) in the study group compared to the control group, with a mean value of 22.35 U/L against 4.38 U/L. Adenosine deaminase levels were found to have a linear association with elevated fasting blood sugar and post prandial blood sugar, with a statistical significance (p<0.0001).Conclusions: We identified that the highest Adenosine deaminase levels were detected in poorly controlled type-2 diabetes mellitus. Adenosine deaminase levels were found to have positive correlation with body mass index, fasting blood sugar and post prandial blood sugar levels. Adenosine deaminase levels were also positively correlated with insulin resistance, as calculated by homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance. Adenosine deaminase levels were found to have an inversely proportional correlation with quantitative insulin sensitivity check index.

Ethyl (E)-3-[1′-ethyl-2-oxo-4′-(phenyl­sulfon­yl)-2H-spiro­[acenaphthyl­ene-1,2′-pyrrolidine]-3′-yl]acrylate

In the title compound, C28H27NO5S, the five-membered pyrrolidine ring, which exhibits an envelope conformation (the C atom at the spiral junction being the flap atom), makes dihedral angles of 57.37 (10) and 86.84 (8)°, respectively, with the phenyl ring and the acenaphthyl­ene ring system. In the crystal, mol­ecules associate via two C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(20) and R 2 2(10) graph-set motifs

1′,1′′-Dimethyl-4′-(naphthalen-1-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetra­hydro­naphthalene-2-spiro-3′-pyrrolidine-2′-spiro-3′′-indoline-1,2′′-dione

In the title compound, C32H28N2O2, the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation, whereas the cyclo­hexa­none ring in the tetra­hydro­naphthalene fused-ring system adopts a half-chair conformation. The oxindole ring system is oriented at an angle of 48.2 (1)° with respect to the naphthyl ring system. An intra­molecular C—H⋯O close contact is observed. In the crystal, mol­ecules associate via two C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming R 2 2(14) and R 2 2(10) dimers

Evaluation of Real Time PCR Detection of the 47 kDa Gene for Reliable Diagnosis of Pediatric Scrub Typhus

Diagnosis of scrub typhus is difficult, because of its non-specific clinical features and a lack of reliable serological assays. This study assessed real time PCR detection of the 47 kDa gene along with routine IgM ELISA for confirmatory diagnosis of scrub typhus. This observational study was conducted between March 2021 and February 2023. Real time PCR detection of the 47 kDa gene was used as a diagnostic assay. Confirmed scrub typhus cases were defined by IgM ELISA and/or real time PCR positivity. A total of 105 children (0–18 years of age) were enrolled, 30 (28.57%) of whom were confirmed to have scrub typhus, according to IgM ELISA and/or real time PCR positivity. The clinical symptoms of scrub typhus positive children included fever, diarrhea, abdominal pain, breathing difficulties, lymphadenopathy, rash, headache, edema, seizure, and poor intake. Good statistical correlations were observed among real time scrub positivity, high grade fever of 8.2 days’ duration, the presence of eschar and thrombocytopenia. Non-specific respiratory symptoms; cough, and cold were more severe in patients with scrub typhus. The real time PCR test showed good specificity in discriminating scrub typhus from enteric fever, a common pediatric disease. Detection of the 47 kDa gene with real time PCR has good sensitivity and specificity. The number of days between fever onset and sampling, as well as the administration of antibiotics before sampling, influence the performance of real-time PCR

A bayesian meta-analysis of multiple treatment comparisons of systemic regimens for advanced pancreatic cancer

© 2014 Chan et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.Background: For advanced pancreatic cancer, many regimens have been compared with gemcitabine (G) as the standard arm in randomized controlled trials. Few regimens have been directly compared with each other in randomized controlled trials and the relative efficacy and safety among them remains unclear

Ligand-controlled Regioselective Cu-Catalyzed Trifluoromethylation to Generate Trifluoromethylallenes

“Cu–CF3” species have been used historically for a broad spectrum of nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions. Although recent advancements have employed ligands to stabilize and harness the reactivity of this key organometallic intermediate, the ability of a ligand to differentiate a regiochemical outcome of a Cu–CF3-mediated or -catalyzed reaction has not been previously reported. Herein, we report the first example of a Cu-catalyzed trifluoromethylation reaction in which a ligand controls the regiochemical outcome. More specifically, we demonstrate the ability of bipyridyl-derived ligands to control the regioselectivity of the Cu-catalyzed nucleophilic trifluoromethylation reactions of propargyl electrophiles to generate trifluoromethylallenes. This method provides a variety of di-, tri- and tetra-substituted trifluoromethylallenes, which can be further modified to generate complex fluorinated substructures