Myocarditis following COVID – 19 mRNA vaccine administration

Development of effective vaccines marked the beginning of the end for COVID-19 pandemic. Even though they represent key factor in combatting the disease, adverse events were reported following the administration of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines and among them myocarditis. The aim of this review was to present key points of myocarditis following the administration of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna mRNA vaccines like: epidemiological characteristics, clinical features, investigation and treatment

The role of whole genome sequencing in characterisation of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

U ovom radu se opisuje uloga cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja u opisivanju multirezistentnih gram-negativnih (MDRGN) bakterija. Unutar ove teme obrađeni su i mehanizmi rezistencije te njihova genetska podloga. Također je opisan princip rada cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja. Multirezistentne gram-negativne bakterije su bakterije koje imaju rezistenciju na 2 ili više antibiotika. Mehanizmi rezistencije imaju genetsku podlogu te se stoga osim klasičnim fenotipskim metodama mogu određivati i novijim molekularnim metodama. Jedna takva metoda je cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem možemo dobiti gotovo čitavu DNA sekvencu nekog organizma. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem MDRGN bakterija možemo odrediti gene rezistencije, a uz upotrebu strojnog učenja moguće je otkriti nove gene rezistencije. U detekciji gena rezistencije ovom metodom koriste se različiti bioinformatički programi. Takvi programi sadrže mehanizam detekcije gena rezistencije i bazu podataka s poznatim genima rezistencije. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje je moguće koristi za detekciju rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, istraživanje evolucije antibiotske rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, nadziranje epidemija uzrokovanih MDRGN bakterijama te radi uspostava mjera kontrole širenja infekcija u klinci. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje se pokazalo kao vrlo vrijedno sredstvo u karakterizaciji MDRGN bakterija i u borbi protiv antibiotske rezistencije. Donedavno se vrlo rijetko koristilo zbog skupoće i manjka točnih i pouzdanih pristupa. Danas se to mijenja zbog velikog povećanja efikasnosti DNA sekvencioniranja, pada cijena sekvencioniranja i pojave robusnih računalnih alata.The topic of this paper is the role of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in describing multidrug-resistant gram-negative (MDRGN) bacteria. Within this topic, the mechanisms of resistance and their genetic background are also discussed. The working principle of WGS is also described. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that are resistant to 2 or more antibiotics. The mechanisms of resistance have a genetic basis and therefore, in addition to classical phenotypic methods, they can also be determined by newer molecular methods. One such method is WGS. By WGS, we can obtain almost the entire DNA sequence of an organism. By WGS of MDRGN bacteria, we can determine resistance genes, and with the use of machine learning, it is possible to detect new resistance genes. Various bioinformatics programs are used in the detection of resistance genes by this method. Such programs contain a gene detection platform and a database with known resistance genes. WGS can be used to detect MDRGN bacterial resistance, investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in MDRGN bacteria, monitor epidemics caused by MDRGN bacteria, and to establish measures to control the spread of infections in the clinic. WGS has proven to be a very valuable tool in the characterization of MDRGN bacteria and invaluable in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Until recently, it was very rarely used due to its high cost and lack of accurate and reliable approaches. Today, this is changing due to the large increase in DNA sequencing efficiency, lower sequencing costs, and the emergence of robust computer tools

The role of whole genome sequencing in characterisation of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

U ovom radu se opisuje uloga cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja u opisivanju multirezistentnih gram-negativnih (MDRGN) bakterija. Unutar ove teme obrađeni su i mehanizmi rezistencije te njihova genetska podloga. Također je opisan princip rada cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja. Multirezistentne gram-negativne bakterije su bakterije koje imaju rezistenciju na 2 ili više antibiotika. Mehanizmi rezistencije imaju genetsku podlogu te se stoga osim klasičnim fenotipskim metodama mogu određivati i novijim molekularnim metodama. Jedna takva metoda je cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem možemo dobiti gotovo čitavu DNA sekvencu nekog organizma. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem MDRGN bakterija možemo odrediti gene rezistencije, a uz upotrebu strojnog učenja moguće je otkriti nove gene rezistencije. U detekciji gena rezistencije ovom metodom koriste se različiti bioinformatički programi. Takvi programi sadrže mehanizam detekcije gena rezistencije i bazu podataka s poznatim genima rezistencije. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje je moguće koristi za detekciju rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, istraživanje evolucije antibiotske rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, nadziranje epidemija uzrokovanih MDRGN bakterijama te radi uspostava mjera kontrole širenja infekcija u klinci. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje se pokazalo kao vrlo vrijedno sredstvo u karakterizaciji MDRGN bakterija i u borbi protiv antibiotske rezistencije. Donedavno se vrlo rijetko koristilo zbog skupoće i manjka točnih i pouzdanih pristupa. Danas se to mijenja zbog velikog povećanja efikasnosti DNA sekvencioniranja, pada cijena sekvencioniranja i pojave robusnih računalnih alata.The topic of this paper is the role of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in describing multidrug-resistant gram-negative (MDRGN) bacteria. Within this topic, the mechanisms of resistance and their genetic background are also discussed. The working principle of WGS is also described. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that are resistant to 2 or more antibiotics. The mechanisms of resistance have a genetic basis and therefore, in addition to classical phenotypic methods, they can also be determined by newer molecular methods. One such method is WGS. By WGS, we can obtain almost the entire DNA sequence of an organism. By WGS of MDRGN bacteria, we can determine resistance genes, and with the use of machine learning, it is possible to detect new resistance genes. Various bioinformatics programs are used in the detection of resistance genes by this method. Such programs contain a gene detection platform and a database with known resistance genes. WGS can be used to detect MDRGN bacterial resistance, investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in MDRGN bacteria, monitor epidemics caused by MDRGN bacteria, and to establish measures to control the spread of infections in the clinic. WGS has proven to be a very valuable tool in the characterization of MDRGN bacteria and invaluable in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Until recently, it was very rarely used due to its high cost and lack of accurate and reliable approaches. Today, this is changing due to the large increase in DNA sequencing efficiency, lower sequencing costs, and the emergence of robust computer tools

The role of whole genome sequencing in characterisation of multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria

U ovom radu se opisuje uloga cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja u opisivanju multirezistentnih gram-negativnih (MDRGN) bakterija. Unutar ove teme obrađeni su i mehanizmi rezistencije te njihova genetska podloga. Također je opisan princip rada cjelogenomskog sekvencioniranja. Multirezistentne gram-negativne bakterije su bakterije koje imaju rezistenciju na 2 ili više antibiotika. Mehanizmi rezistencije imaju genetsku podlogu te se stoga osim klasičnim fenotipskim metodama mogu određivati i novijim molekularnim metodama. Jedna takva metoda je cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem možemo dobiti gotovo čitavu DNA sekvencu nekog organizma. Cjelogenomskim sekvencioniranjem MDRGN bakterija možemo odrediti gene rezistencije, a uz upotrebu strojnog učenja moguće je otkriti nove gene rezistencije. U detekciji gena rezistencije ovom metodom koriste se različiti bioinformatički programi. Takvi programi sadrže mehanizam detekcije gena rezistencije i bazu podataka s poznatim genima rezistencije. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje je moguće koristi za detekciju rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, istraživanje evolucije antibiotske rezistencije MDRGN bakterija, nadziranje epidemija uzrokovanih MDRGN bakterijama te radi uspostava mjera kontrole širenja infekcija u klinci. Cjelogenomsko sekvencioniranje se pokazalo kao vrlo vrijedno sredstvo u karakterizaciji MDRGN bakterija i u borbi protiv antibiotske rezistencije. Donedavno se vrlo rijetko koristilo zbog skupoće i manjka točnih i pouzdanih pristupa. Danas se to mijenja zbog velikog povećanja efikasnosti DNA sekvencioniranja, pada cijena sekvencioniranja i pojave robusnih računalnih alata.The topic of this paper is the role of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) in describing multidrug-resistant gram-negative (MDRGN) bacteria. Within this topic, the mechanisms of resistance and their genetic background are also discussed. The working principle of WGS is also described. Multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that are resistant to 2 or more antibiotics. The mechanisms of resistance have a genetic basis and therefore, in addition to classical phenotypic methods, they can also be determined by newer molecular methods. One such method is WGS. By WGS, we can obtain almost the entire DNA sequence of an organism. By WGS of MDRGN bacteria, we can determine resistance genes, and with the use of machine learning, it is possible to detect new resistance genes. Various bioinformatics programs are used in the detection of resistance genes by this method. Such programs contain a gene detection platform and a database with known resistance genes. WGS can be used to detect MDRGN bacterial resistance, investigate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in MDRGN bacteria, monitor epidemics caused by MDRGN bacteria, and to establish measures to control the spread of infections in the clinic. WGS has proven to be a very valuable tool in the characterization of MDRGN bacteria and invaluable in the fight against antibiotic resistance. Until recently, it was very rarely used due to its high cost and lack of accurate and reliable approaches. Today, this is changing due to the large increase in DNA sequencing efficiency, lower sequencing costs, and the emergence of robust computer tools

Evolution of Beta-Lactamases in Urinary Klebsiella pneumoniae Isolates from Croatia; from Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases to Carbapenemases and Colistin Resistance

K. pneumoniae isolates often harbor various antibiotic resistance determinants including extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamases (p-Amp-C) and carbapenemases. In this study we analyzed 65 K. pneumoniae isolates obtained from urinary tract infections in the outpatients setting, with regard to antibiotic susceptibility, β-lactamase production, virulence traits and plasmid content.Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by broth microdilution method. PCR was applied to detect genes encoding ESBLs, p-Amp-C and carbapenemases and plasmid incompatibility groups. Phenotypic methods were applied to characterize virulence determinants. Increasing resistance trend was observed for amoxicillin/clavulanate, imipenem, meropenem and ciprofloxacin. The study showed that ESBLs belonging to the CTX-M family, conferring high level of resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) were the dominant resistance trait among early isolates (2013 to 2016) whereas OXA-48 carbapenemase, belonging to class D, emerged in significant numbers after 2017. OXA-48 producing organisms coharbored ESBLs. KPC-2 was dominant among isolates from Dubrovnik in the recent years. Colistin resistance was reported in three isolates. Inc L/M was the dominant plasmid in the later period, encoding OXA-48. Hyperviscosity was linked to KPC positivity and emerged in the later period. This report describes evolution of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae from ESBLs to carbapenemases and colistin resistance. The study demonstrated the ability of K. pneumoniae to acquire various resistance determinants, over time. The striking diversity of the UTI isolates could result from introduction of the isolates from the hospitals, transfer of plasmids and multidirectional evolution