The Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) Contents of Various Milk and Dairy Products and Affecting Factors

Due to a variety of positive effects on human health, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) including geometric and positional isomers of linoleic acid, which is omega-6 essential fatty acid, has gained importance in recent years. Although there are many food items containing CLA, meat, milk and dairy products derived from ruminant animals are richer in terms of CLA. These products are the basis of human diet. Although there are studies performed abroad on CLA contents of various milk and dairy products and the factors affecting them, there are only a few compilations about CLA in Turkey. The conducted studies particularly intended for increasing the CLA in milk and milk products is not sufficient in numbers and a gap exists about this issue

Estimating the live weight using some body measurements in saanen goats

This research was carried out to investigate the estimation of the live weight in Saanen Goats by statistical methods. Seventy Saanen Goats were used as the study material. The goats were divided into two groups. The first group included 2-2.5 years aged goats at first lactation period while the second group included the goats ready to be inseminated for the first time. The average live weight, heart girth, shank circumference, withers height, body length and chest depth values were calculated as 55.37 kg, 91.57, 9.32, 66.94, 109.75 and 32.55 cm respectively for the first group whereas the same parameters were calculated as 41.03 kg, 84.00, 8.86, 62.07, 101.55 and 30.27 cm respectively for the second group. Live weight (LW) was found to be highly correlated with heart girth (HG), shank circumference (SC), withers height (WH), body length (BL) and chest depth (CD) in the first group, whereas live weight was highly correlated with heart girth and body length in the second group. The regression equation for the first group was established as LW = -151,295 + 1,067*HG + 3,262*BL + 0,167*SC + 0,604*WH + 0,254*CD and it was LW = -64,753 + 0,863*HG + 0,717*BL – 0,029*SC + 0,207*WH + 0,254*CD for the second group. It is concluded that live weight could be predicted by statistical methods using several body measurements in Saanen goats.Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP

Incubation properties of native geese in turkey

Goose breeding is an important branch of breeding in many countries especially in the USA, China, Poland, France, Bulgaria, and Russia. In Turkey, goose production is performed in the Eastern Anatolia Region, especially in Kars and Ardahan provinces, Central Anatolia, and the Lakes Region is also a significant source for meeting families’ meat demand. This research was conducted to identify incubation properties of local geese raised in Afyonkarahisar. In this study, egg weight, shape index, fertilization range, incubation performance, and hatching power were determined. Data was collected from 100 geese eggs obtained from a goose flock that were in the first yield year in a private family business in Nuribey town, Afyonkarahisar. It was found that egg weight was 137.37±9.21g, shape index was 67.04±2.94%, fertilization rate was 72.00%, incubation performance was 58.00%, and hatching power was 80.55%. This study is important for the evaluation of goose potential in Afyonkarahisar region, it is possible to say that is a race that should be studied especially in terms of fertility rate, hatchability and hatching powerAfyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP

Fleece qualities of Menemen sheep: I. Morphologic and physical qualities

Amaç: Menemen koyunu yapağılarının morfolojik ve fiziksel özelliklerinin tespit edilerek, elde edilen bulguların yetiştirme ve ıslah programlarına ışık tutması amaçlandı. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışma Afyonkarahisar ili Şuhut ilçesi Karacaören beldesinde bulunan özel bir işletmede 98 adet Menemen koyunu üzerinde yapıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmada Menemen koyun yapağılarında; kirli yapağı verimi, kırkım sonu canlı ağırlığı, randıman, incelik, uzunluk, elastikiyet ve mukavemet sırasıyla; 1583.78 g, 51.68 kg, %66.78, 30.91 µm, 36.35 mm, %32.60 ve 20.69 cN/tex olarak bulundu. Öneri: Menemen koyun yapağılarının halı yapımı için önemli bir hammadde niteliği taşıdığı, ancak ıslah çalışmasıyla kumaş tipi yapağı elde edilmesinin de mümkün olduğu söylenebilirAim: The aim of this study is to determine the physical and morphological properties of fleece from Menemen sheep and to use this data for breeding and reform of Menemen sheep. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on 98 Menemen sheep in a private company established in Karacaören area, Şuhut Town in Afyonkarahisar. Results: The results for greasy fleece weight, post-shearing live weight, clean fleece percentage, fineness, length, elasticity and strength were 1583.78 g, 51.68 kg, 66.78%, 30.91 µm, 36.35 mm, 32.60% and 20.69 cN/tex, respectively in Menemen ewes. Conclusion: Menemen fleece can be used as rawmaterial for carpet manufacturing. Moreover it can be observed that through reform study, fleece in fabric quality can be achieved.Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP

The surface analysis of fleece by sem and their elemental characteristics of menemen sheep breed

In this study, fleece samples from a flock of Menemen sheep belong to a private enterprise were taken, and only the surface topography of the SEM and the fleece were examined. According to this examination, it was tried to find out what kind and how much elements exist within the fleece. This was tried to be determined through the SEM-EDX, XPS and ICP-OES analysis. The examined SEM images of Menemen sheep fleece seen that the cuticle surface was composed of scales shaped by the properly sorted cuticular cells and the cuticle cells were in the polygonal coronoid shape. According to the analysis performed by ICP-OES method, it was found that the mean values of elements in the Menemen sheep fleece were respectively; Ca, 0.244 ± 0.006%; Na, 0.130% ± 0.008; Mg, 353.863 ± 13.369 mg/kg; K, 633.743 ± 65.295 mg/kg; Fe, 46.323 ± 7.847 mg/kg; Al, 45.054 ± 7.132 mg/kg; Si, 152.630 ± 17.626 mg/kg; Mn, 3.970 ± 0.318 mg/kg; Zn, 92.690 ± 2.073 mg/kg; Pb, 1.959 ± 0.364 mg/kg; Cu, 5.626 ± 0.289 mg/kg; Co, 0.120 ± 0.010 mg/kg; P, 150.033 ±3.728 mg/kg and Se, 0.070 ± 0.013 mg/kg. The elemental content of the fleece owns a special importance since it reflects the mineral status of the body thus could characterize as indicator in terms of the animal welfare.Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, BAP

Production and characterization of Ti-10Cr-3,33Co-3,33egg shelter composite materials using by powder metallurgy

Titanium based intermetallic compounds are frequently used in the production of biomaterials. The behavior of titanium similar to bone mechanical properties causes the use of titanium as a biomaterial and preferred among the materials. It also makes its use attractive in industrial applications at high temperatures. TiCrCo intermetallics are known to be used together with Ti matrix materials to improve the properties of the group in addition to elements such as Cr, especially Ti, Co, Mo and Fe in various application areas. This information is used frequently in the sintering process. In this study, Ti-10Cr-3,33Co-3,33 egg shelter powders were prepared as a sample mixture. When the properties of the samples produced after sintering are examined, it shows the effects of Co on TiCr. 3.33% Co additive was used in the composition of the composition and mechanical properties were determined in the produced samples. By looking at metallographic analysis, structural features were tried to be determined. The density of the produced samples was calculated, hardness and shear strength were determined. According to the results of the analysis, 3.33% Co composition and 3.71 gr / cm3 density, and 285.5 HV hardness values at 1200 ° C were obtained.

Avrupa birliği’ne adaylık sürecinde türkiye hayvancılığının genel durumu

Türkiye’de toplam istidam içinde tarımsal istihdamın oranı yaklaşık %35 gibi oldukça yüksek bir düzeydedir. Bu oran ABD’de %2,8 ve (AB-15)’de %5’dir. Tarımın gayri safı milli hâsıla (GSMH)’ daki payı ülkemizde %14 iken, ABD ve AB’de sırasıyla %1,7 ve %1,9 seviyelerindedir. Türkiye’de toplam 184.329.490 dekar arazinin %72,38’i hem bitkisel üretim hem de hayvancılık yapan işletmeler, %27,38’i yalnız bitkisel üretim yapan işletmeler, %0,23’ü yalnız hayvancılık yapan işletmeler tasarrufunda bulunmaktadır. Bu durum ülkemiz açısından tarım ve hayvancılığın ne kadar önemli ve sorunlarının çözümünün de ne kadar zor olduğunu göstermektedir. Hayvancılık, ülke ekonomisini geliştiren, birim yatırıma en yüksek katma değer oluşturan ve en düşük maliyetle istihdam imkânı sağlayan bir sektördür. Sanayide günümüzde bir kişiye istihdam imkânı yaratabilmek için asgari 80 bin dolarlık yatırıma ihtiyaç duyulurken, hayvancılıkta bunun beşte biri kadar kaynak yeterli olmaktadır. Sanayi kesimi ile karşılaştırıldığında aynı miktar yatırım ile hayvancılıkta 5 kat daha fazla sayıda kişiye iş imkânı yaratılabilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Türkiye hayvancılığının genel durumu ve yapısal özellikleri bakımından AB ile mukayesesi yapılmıştır.The employment rate of agriculture has a 35% of a high level in Turkey. This rate is 2.8% in USA and 5.0% in European Union (EU-15). While the percentage of agriculture in gross National product is 14% in Turkey, it is 1.7% ha in USA and 1.9% in EU. In Turkey, 72.38% percent of total 184.329.490 da lands is possessed by the firms making vegetal producing and stock-breeding; 27.38% percent is possessed by the firms making only vegetal producing and the rest 0.23% percent is possessed by the firms making only stock-breeding. This indicates the importance of agriculture and difficulties in solving the problems. Livestock is an industry that improves the national economy and makes up the highest added value per unit investment. At present, at least 80.000 $ is necessary to create an employment facility for only a person at the industry while1/5 of this number is sufficient at livestock. Comparing with the industry, it is possible to create five times more employment facilities at livestock with the same budget. In this review, general situation and structural properties of livestock is compared with that of EU

The effect of gender and age on carcass characteristics in geese grown in Afyonkarahisar province

Bu çalışmada Afyonkarahisar ilinde yetiştirilen kazlarda cinsiyet ve yaşın karkas özellikleri üzerine etkisi tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Afyonkarahisar ilinde yetiştirilen kazlardan 8-9 aylık, 19-20 aylık yaşta ve her yaş grubundan 12 erkek ve 12 dişi kaz kesilerek kesim ve karkas özellikleri belirlenmiştir. İncelenen özelliklerden kesim öncesi canlı ağırlık 8-9 aylık ve 19-20 aylık yaştaki erkek ve dişi kazlar için sırasıyla; 4.08±0.49 kg ve 4.49±0.56 kg, 4.57±0.25 kg ve 4.00±0.64 kg; sıcak karkas ağırlığı, 2.59±0.38 kg ve 2.82±0.38 kg, 2.93±0.2 kg ve 2.48±0.41 kg; soğuk karkas ağırlığı, 2.51±0.4 kg ve 2.81±0.35 kg, 2.86±0.26 kg ve 2.46±0.42 kg olarak belirlenmiştir. 19-20 aylık yaştaki kazlarda canlı ağırlık, abdominal yağ, soğuk karkas, boyun, kanat, sırt ağırlığı ortalamaları 8-9 aylık yaştaki kazlardan yüksek ve istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.01, p<0.05). Erkek kazların canlı ağırlık, baş, sıcak karkas, soğuk karkas, boyun, göğüs ve sırt ağırlığı ortalamaları dişi kazlardan yüksek ve istatistiki olarak önemli bulunmuştur (p<0.01, p<0.05). Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, Afyonkarahisar ilindeki yerli kazların besi için uygun olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kaz etinin tüketiciler arasında tercih edilebilir bir protein kaynağı olmasını sağlamak üzere, bu alanda yapılan sınırlı sayıdaki bilimsel çalışmalara katkı sağlamaktır.In this study, the effect of sex and age on carcass characteristics of geese reared in Afyonkarahisar province was determined. 12 male and 12 female geese of 8-9 months old, 19-20 months old and all age groups were slaughter and carcass characteristics were determined. The live weight of preslaughtered male and female geese were 8-9 months old and 19-20 months old, respectively; 4.08 ± 0.49 kg and 4.49 ± 0.56 kg, 4.57 ± 0.25 kg and 4.00 ± 0.64 kg; hot carcass weight, 2.59 ± 0.38 kg and 2.82 ± 0.38 kg, 2.93 ± 0.2 kg and 2.48 ± 0.41 kg; cold carcass weight was determined as 2.51 ± 0.4 kg and 2.81 ± 0.35 kg, 2.86 ± 0.26 kg and 2.46 ± 0.42 kg. In 19-20 month old geese, live weight, abdominal fat, cold carcass, neck, wing, back weight were found to be higher than the geese of 8-9 month age and statistically significant (p <0.01, p <0.05). The average body weight, head, warm carcass, cold carcass, neck, chest and back weight of male geese were higher than female geese and were statistically significant (p <0.01, p <0.05). The obtained data showed that local geese in the region may be suitable for fattening in terms of slaughter and carcass characteristics. The aim of this study is to contribute to a limited number of scientific studies in this field in order to make goose meat a preferable source of protein among consumers.Bu proje Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu tarafından 17.KARİYER.248 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir

Morphological, Physical and Elemental Examination of Menemen Sheep Wool

Bu Tez Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu Başkanlığı Tarafından 08.VF.20 Proje Numarası İle Desteklenmiştir.Bu çalışma Afyonkarahisar ili Şuhut ilçesi Karacaören beldesinde bulunan özel bir işletmeye ait Menemen koyun sürüsünde yapılmıştır. Çalışma da toplam da 120 koyun olmak üzere; 20 baş 6 aylık Menemen kuzusu, 20 baş 1-1,5 yaşlı, 20 baş 2-2,5 yaşlı, 20 baş 3-3,5 yaşlı, 20 baş 4-4,5 yaşlı, 20 baş 5 yaş ve üzeri Menemen koyunu kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, toplam 118 koyunun omuz, kaburga ve but kısmından olmak üzere 354 adet yapağı örneği değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmada yapağıların randıman, incelik, uzunluk, elastikiyet ve mukavemet özellikleri ile yapağının SEM görüntüleri ve SEM-EDX, XPS ve ICP-OES ile element analizi yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 1,5 yaş ve üzeri Menemen koyun yapağılarında; kirli yapağı verimi, kırkım sonu canlı ağırlığı, randıman, incelik, uzunluk, elastikiyet ve mukavemet sırasıyla; 1583,78 g, 51,68 kg, % 66,78, 30,91 µm, 36,35 mm, % 32,60 ve 20,69 cN/tex olarak bulunmuştur. Araştırmada randıman üzerine yaşın ve vücut bölgesinin etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Bu iki parametre arasında yaşın etkisinin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. İncelik üzerine yaşın ve vücut bölgesinin etkisi önemli bulunurken, bu kez de vücut bölgesinin etkisinin daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uzunluk üzerine yaşın ve vücut bölgesinin etkisi aynı derecede önemli bulunmuştur. Elastikiyet ve mukavemet üzerine ise sadece yaşın etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Çalışmada hiçbir yapağı özelliğinin üzerine yaş x vücut bölgesi interaksiyonunun etkisi görülmemiştir. Çalışmada Menemen koyun yapağılarında ICP-OES metodu ile Menemen koyun yapağılarında; kalsiyum (Ca), sodyum (Na), magnezyum (Mg), potasyum (K), demir (Fe), alüminyum (Al), silisyum (Si), mangan (Mn), çinko (Zn), kurşun (Pb), bakır (Cu), kobalt (Co), fosfor (P), selenyum (Se) elementlerinin genel ortalamaları sırasıyla; % 0,244±0,006, % 0,130±0,008, 353,863±13,369 mg/kg, 633,743±65,295 mg/kg, 46,323±7,847 mg/kg, 45,054±7,132 mg/kg, 152,630±17,626 mg/kg, 3,970±0,318 mg/kg, 92,690±2,073 mg/kg, 1,959±0,364 mg/kg, 5,626±0,289 mg/kg, 0,120±0,010 mg/kg, 150,033±3,728 mg/kg, 0,070±0,013 mg/kg olarak bulunmuştur. Menemen koyun yapağılarında SEM görüntülerini incelediğimizde; kütikül yüzeyi gayet düzgün sıralanmış kütiküler hücrelerin şekillendirdiği pulcuklardan oluştuğu ve kutikula hücrelerinin çok kenarlı taç şekli olduğu görülmüştür. Yapağı element içeriği, vücut mineral durumunu yansıtması ve hayvan refahı yönüyle bir indikatör niteliği taşıması bakımından özel bir öneme sahiptir. Türkiye’de yapağıda element konsantrasyonlarına ilişkin çalışmalar oldukça yetersiz düzeyde olması yapılan çalışmanın bu eksikliği az da olsa giderebileceği ve sahaya yararlı bilgiler sunacağı kanaatine varılmıştır. Menemen koyun yapağısı incelik bakımından İngiliz (Bradford) sınıflandırma sistemine göre 50’S-56’S düzeyinde, Alman sınıflandırma sistemine göre B ile C sınıfı arasında yer almaktadır. Alman sınıflandırma sisteminde uzunluk bakımından ise çuha yapağısı sınıfına girmektedir. Tüm özellikler birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, Menemen koyun yapağısının halı yapımı için ideal özellikte olduğu söylenebilirThis study was carried out on a Menemen sheep flock belongs to a private farm located in the district of Karacaören, Şuhut in Afyonkarahisar. A total of 120 sheep composed of 20 heads of 6 month age lambs, 20 heads of 1-1,5, 20 heads of 2-2,5, 20 heads of 3-3,5, 20 heads of 4-4,5 and 20 heads of 5+ year age ewes were used in the study. In total, 354 fleece samples from the shoulder, rib and leg regions of 118 sheep were examined. Clean fleece percentage, fineness, length, elasticity and strength parameters, SEM images as well as elemental analyses via SEM-EDX, XPS and ICP-OES of Menemen sheep fleece were examined. The results for greasy fleece weight, post-shearing live weight, clean fleece percentage, fineness, length, elasticity and strength were 1583,78 g, 51,68 kg, 66,78%, 30,91 µ, 36,35 mm, % 32,60 ve 20,69 cN/tex, respectively in 1.5+ aged Menemen ewes. The effects of age and body region were found to be significant on clean fleece percentage in this study. Effect of age was higher between these two parameters. Regarding the effects of age and body region on fineness, both parameters had significant effect in which the effect of the body region was superior. Age and body region determined to have equal effects on fiber length. In terms of the effects on elasticity and strength, only the effect of age was found to be significant. No effects of age x body region interaction were found on any of the wool fiber characteristics. Mean values of elemental analyses by ICP-OES method for calcium (Ca), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), ferrous (Fe), aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), cupper (Cu), cobalt (Co), phosphorus (P) and selenium (Se) were % 0,244±0,006, % 0,130±0,008, 353,863±13,369 mg/kg, 633,743±65,295 mg/kg, 46,323±7,847 mg/kg, 45,054±7,132 mg/kg, 152, 630±17,626 mg/kg, 3,970±0,318 mg/kg, 92,690±2,073 mg/kg, 1,959±0,364 mg/kg, 5,626±0,289 mg/kg, 0,120±0,010 mg/kg, 150,033±3,728 mg/kg, 0,070±0,013 mg/kg, respectively in Menemen wool fibers. When SEM images of Menemen sheep fleece were examined it was observed that the surface was formed by the properly ranked scales of cuticle cells and the shape of the cells was determied as multi-sided coronal type. Elemental composition of fleece has a special importance in terms of reflecting the body mineral content as well as plays an indicator role for animal welfare. Since studies towards examination of fleece elemental concentrations are quite few, it is expected that this study will fulfill this lack and provide useful information to the field. Menemen sheep fleece sortiment was determined as 50’S-56’S in terms of Bradford classification system while it was between B and C in terms of German classification system on the base of fineness. It was also considered in the broadcloth fleece group in terms of German System on the base of length. When all the properties are considered, it could be said that Menemen Sheep fleece is ideal for carpet production