Evaluación de rutas de obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos de biomasa de microalgas bajo el concepto de biorefinería

RESUMENAl igual que una refinería de petróleo, una biorefinería utiliza todos los componentes de la biomasa para obtener productos aprovechables. Además de los lípidos, la biomasa de microalgas contiene cantidades importantes de proteínas, carbohidratos y otros productos metabólicos. En el presente estudio los autores definieron y evaluaron las rutas de obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos de biomasa de las microalgas Amphiprora sp. y Navicula sp., por medio de la implementación de procedimientos como disrupción celular ácida, extracción Soxhlet, Organosolv, transesterificación in situ y el método del ácido dinitrosalicílico (DNS). Las rutas fueron definidas y comparadas con base en las eficiencias de extracción de lípidos y porcentajes de azucares reductores obtenidos. Para la ruta de hidrólisis ácida – extracción Soxhlet se evaluaron diferentes tiempos, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron mediante los tiempos de 120 y 960 min, respectivamente. Mediante la ruta Organosolv – extracción Soxhlet la mayor eficiencia lipídica obtenida fue 48% y en transesterificación in situ el mayor porcentaje de azúcares reductores totales fue 1,67%p. Además, se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos relacionados con el sistema de lisis celular y transesterificación in situ para Navicula sp., obteniendo constantes de K=0,0003 min-1 para azúcares reductores y K=0,02 min-1 para productos de degradación. Por medio de espectroscopía infrarroja se comparó el pico de absorción del grupo carbonilo característico del biodiésel a través del tiempo. Entre las rutas evaluadas, Organosolv – extracción Soxhlet y transesterificación in situ presentaron mayor obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos, respectivamente.Palabras clave: pretratamiento, extracción, integración de procesos, azúcares reductores. ABSTRACT  As an oil refinery, a biorefinery uses all biomass components for obtaining high value usable products. Besides lipids, microalgae biomass contains significant amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and other metabolic products. In the present study, the authors defines routes to obtain monosaccharides and lipids from microalgae biomass of Amphiprora sp. and Navicula sp., through the implementation of acidic cellular disruption procedures, Soxhlet extraction, Organosolv pretreatment, in situ transesterification and the dinitrosalicylic acid method (DNS). The routes were defined and compared based on the percentage of lipids and monosaccharides obtained. For acid hydrolysis – Soxhlet extraction route several times of acid hydrolysis and extraction were evaluated, the best results for this route were obtained using times of 120 and 960 min, respectively. By Organosolv - extraction Soxhlet route, the best lipid efficiency obtained was 48% and in situ transesterification the highest percentage of total reducing sugars was 1.67%wt. Furthermore, kinetic parameters were determined related to the system of cell lysis and in situ transesterification for Navicula sp., getting constants K=0.0003 min-1 for reducing sugars and K=0.02 min-1 for degradation products. Using infrared spectroscopy compared the absorption peak of carbonyl group characteristic of biodiesel over time. Among Organosolv - Soxhlet extraction routes and in situ transesterification - Soxhlet extraction showed higher production of lipids and monosaccharides, respectively.Keywords: pretreatment, extraction, process integration, reducing sugars

Evaluación de rutas de obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos de biomasa de microalgas bajo el concepto de biorefinería

RESUMENAl igual que una refinería de petróleo, una biorefinería utiliza todos los componentes de la biomasa para obtener productos aprovechables. Además de los lípidos, la biomasa de microalgas contiene cantidades importantes de proteínas, carbohidratos y otros productos metabólicos. En el presente estudio los autores definieron y evaluaron las rutas de obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos de biomasa de las microalgas Amphiprora sp. y Navicula sp., por medio de la implementación de procedimientos como disrupción celular ácida, extracción Soxhlet, Organosolv, transesterificación in situ y el método del ácido dinitrosalicílico (DNS). Las rutas fueron definidas y comparadas con base en las eficiencias de extracción de lípidos y porcentajes de azucares reductores obtenidos. Para la ruta de hidrólisis ácida – extracción Soxhlet se evaluaron diferentes tiempos, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron mediante los tiempos de 120 y 960 min, respectivamente. Mediante la ruta Organosolv – extracción Soxhlet la mayor eficiencia lipídica obtenida fue 48% y en transesterificación in situ el mayor porcentaje de azúcares reductores totales fue 1,67%p. Además, se determinaron los parámetros cinéticos relacionados con el sistema de lisis celular y transesterificación in situ para Navicula sp., obteniendo constantes de K=0,0003 min-1 para azúcares reductores y K=0,02 min-1 para productos de degradación. Por medio de espectroscopía infrarroja se comparó el pico de absorción del grupo carbonilo característico del biodiésel a través del tiempo. Entre las rutas evaluadas, Organosolv – extracción Soxhlet y transesterificación in situ presentaron mayor obtención de lípidos y monosacáridos, respectivamente.Palabras clave: pretratamiento, extracción, integración de procesos, azúcares reductores. ABSTRACT  As an oil refinery, a biorefinery uses all biomass components for obtaining high value usable products. Besides lipids, microalgae biomass contains significant amounts of proteins, carbohydrates and other metabolic products. In the present study, the authors defines routes to obtain monosaccharides and lipids from microalgae biomass of Amphiprora sp. and Navicula sp., through the implementation of acidic cellular disruption procedures, Soxhlet extraction, Organosolv pretreatment, in situ transesterification and the dinitrosalicylic acid method (DNS). The routes were defined and compared based on the percentage of lipids and monosaccharides obtained. For acid hydrolysis – Soxhlet extraction route several times of acid hydrolysis and extraction were evaluated, the best results for this route were obtained using times of 120 and 960 min, respectively. By Organosolv - extraction Soxhlet route, the best lipid efficiency obtained was 48% and in situ transesterification the highest percentage of total reducing sugars was 1.67%wt. Furthermore, kinetic parameters were determined related to the system of cell lysis and in situ transesterification for Navicula sp., getting constants K=0.0003 min-1 for reducing sugars and K=0.02 min-1 for degradation products. Using infrared spectroscopy compared the absorption peak of carbonyl group characteristic of biodiesel over time. Among Organosolv - Soxhlet extraction routes and in situ transesterification - Soxhlet extraction showed higher production of lipids and monosaccharides, respectively.Keywords: pretreatment, extraction, process integration, reducing sugars

Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts

COVID-19 in hospitalized HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients : A matched study

CatedresObjectives: We compared the characteristics and clinical outcomes of hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 with [people with HIV (PWH)] and without (non-PWH) HIV co-infection in Spain during the first wave of the pandemic. Methods: This was a retrospective matched cohort study. People with HIV were identified by reviewing clinical records and laboratory registries of 10 922 patients in active-follow-up within the Spanish HIV Research Network (CoRIS) up to 30 June 2020. Each hospitalized PWH was matched with five non-PWH of the same age and sex randomly selected from COVID-19@Spain, a multicentre cohort of 4035 patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19. The main outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: Forty-five PWH with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 were identified in CoRIS, 21 of whom were hospitalized. A total of 105 age/sex-matched controls were selected from the COVID-19@Spain cohort. The median age in both groups was 53 (Q1-Q3, 46-56) years, and 90.5% were men. In PWH, 19.1% were injecting drug users, 95.2% were on antiretroviral therapy, 94.4% had HIV-RNA < 50 copies/mL, and the median (Q1-Q3) CD4 count was 595 (349-798) cells/μL. No statistically significant differences were found between PWH and non-PWH in number of comorbidities, presenting signs and symptoms, laboratory parameters, radiology findings and severity scores on admission. Corticosteroids were administered to 33.3% and 27.4% of PWH and non-PWH, respectively (P = 0.580). Deaths during admission were documented in two (9.5%) PWH and 12 (11.4%) non-PWH (P = 0.800). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that well-controlled HIV infection does not modify the clinical presentation or worsen clinical outcomes of COVID-19 hospitalization

How do women living with HIV experience menopause? Menopausal symptoms, anxiety and depression according to reproductive age in a multicenter cohort

CatedresBackground: To estimate the prevalence and severity of menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression and to assess the differences according to menopausal status among women living with HIV aged 45-60 years from the cohort of Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network (CoRIS). Methods: Women were interviewed by phone between September 2017 and December 2018 to determine whether they had experienced menopausal symptoms and anxiety/depression. The Menopause Rating Scale was used to evaluate the prevalence and severity of symptoms related to menopause in three subscales: somatic, psychologic and urogenital; and the 4-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used for anxiety/depression. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of association between menopausal status, and other potential risk factors, the presence and severity of somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms and of anxiety/depression. Results: Of 251 women included, 137 (54.6%) were post-, 70 (27.9%) peri- and 44 (17.5%) pre-menopausal, respectively. Median age of onset menopause was 48 years (IQR 45-50). The proportions of pre-, peri- and post-menopausal women who had experienced any menopausal symptoms were 45.5%, 60.0% and 66.4%, respectively. Both peri- and post-menopause were associated with a higher likelihood of having somatic symptoms (aOR 3.01; 95% CI 1.38-6.55 and 2.63; 1.44-4.81, respectively), while post-menopause increased the likelihood of having psychological (2.16; 1.13-4.14) and urogenital symptoms (2.54; 1.42-4.85). By other hand, post-menopausal women had a statistically significant five-fold increase in the likelihood of presenting severe urogenital symptoms than pre-menopausal women (4.90; 1.74-13.84). No significant differences by menopausal status were found for anxiety/depression. Joint/muscle problems, exhaustion and sleeping disorders were the most commonly reported symptoms among all women. Differences in the prevalences of vaginal dryness (p = 0.002), joint/muscle complaints (p = 0.032), and sweating/flush (p = 0.032) were found among the three groups. Conclusions: Women living with HIV experienced a wide variety of menopausal symptoms, some of them initiated before women had any menstrual irregularity. We found a higher likelihood of somatic symptoms in peri- and post-menopausal women, while a higher likelihood of psychological and urogenital symptoms was found in post-menopausal women. Most somatic symptoms were of low or moderate severity, probably due to the good clinical and immunological situation of these women