Blunted maximal and submaximal responses to cardiopulmonary exercise test in patients with Parkinson's Disease

To investigate submaximal and maximal responses during maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests in patients with Parkinson Disease (PD).publisher: Elsevier articletitle: Blunted Maximal and Submaximal Responses to Cardiopulmonary Exercise Tests in Patients With Parkinson Disease journaltitle: Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation articlelink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2015.12.020 content_type: article copyright: © 2016 The American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine.status: publishe

Immunovirological parameters and cytokines in HIV infection

Although modern combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) result in lower morbidity and mortality and a visible improvement of clinical and laboratory parameters in HIV-infected, it is known that their long-term use contributes to appearance of the many events unrelated to AIDS such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis, comorbidities which have been proposed as some of the most important that deprive the majority of infected to present an even better prognosis. This is because even with a decrease in inflammation and immune activation after drug intervention to the patient, these parameters remain higher than those shown by healthy individuals and the imbalance of cytokine profiles also persists. Therefore, evaluations of other biomarkers in clinical practice are needed to complement the exams already carried out routinely and allow more effective monitoring of HIV patients. This review aims to investigate the role of cytokines as potential markers showing studies on their behavior in various stages of HIV infection, with or without cART