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A TEM, STEM and backscattered electron channeling imaging study of martensite formation in Co-19.6Fe
A high purity, C-free Co-19.6Fe alloy is shown to undergo a variety of martensitic and bainitic reactions.
TEM, STEM and back-scattered electron channelling patterns and images have been used to study the effects of ageing at temperatures below the α solvus and of grain boundary misorientation on the occurrence of martensitic transformation in the adjacent grains and on the nature of their product
Linear optics implementation of weak values in Hardy's paradox
We propose an experimental setup for the implementation of weak measurements
in the context of the gedankenexperiment known as Hardy's Paradox. As Aharonov
et al. showed, these weak values form a language with which the paradox can be
resolved. Our analysis shows that this language is indeed consistent and
experimentally testable. It also reveals exactly how a combination of weak
values can give rise to an apparently paradoxical result.Comment: 4 pages, accepted by PR
Polarization-resolved extinction and scattering cross-section of individual gold nanoparticles measured by wide-field microscopy on a large ensemble
We report a simple, rapid, and quantitative wide-field technique to measure
the optical extinction and scattering
cross-section of single nanoparticles using wide-field microscopy enabling
simultaneous acquisition of hundreds of nanoparticles for statistical analysis.
As a proof of principle, we measured nominally spherical gold nanoparticles of
40\,nm and 100\,nm diameter and found mean values and standard deviations of
and consistent with previous literature.
Switching from unpolarized to linearly polarized excitation, we measured
as a function of the polarization direction, and used it to
characterize the asphericity of the nanoparticles. The method can be
implemented cost-effectively on any conventional wide-field microscope and is
applicable to any nanoparticles
Quadrupole moment of a magnetically confined mountain on an accreting neutron star: effect of the equation of state
Magnetically confined mountains on accreting neutron stars are promising
sources of continuous-wave gravitational radiation and are currently the
targets of directed searches with long-baseline detectors like the Laser
Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO). In this paper, previous
ideal-magnetohydrodynamic models of isothermal mountains are generalized to a
range of physically motivated, adiabatic equations of state. It is found that
the mass ellipticity drops substantially, from \epsilon ~ 3e-4 (isothermal) to
\epsilon ~ 9e-7 (non-relativistic degenerate neutrons), 6e-8 (relativistic
degenerate electrons) and 1e-8 (non-relativistic degenerate electrons)
(assuming a magnetic field of 3e12 G at birth). The characteristic mass M_{c}
at which the magnetic dipole moment halves from its initial value is also
modified, from M_{c}/M_{\sun} ~ 5e-4 (isothermal) to M_{c}/M_{\sun} ~ 2e-6,
1e-7, and 3e-8 for the above three equations of state, respectively. Similar
results are obtained for a realistic, piecewise-polytropic nuclear equation of
state. The adiabatic models are consistent with current LIGO upper limits,
unlike the isothermal models. Updated estimates of gravitational-wave
detectability are made. Monte Carlo simulations of the spin distribution of
accreting millisecond pulsars including gravitational-wave stalling agree
better with observations for certain adiabatic equations of state, implying
that X-ray spin measurements can probe the equation of state when coupled with
magnetic mountain models.Comment: 20 pages, 15 figures, to be published in MNRA
First order resonance overlap and the stability of close two planet systems
Motivated by the population of multi-planet systems with orbital period
ratios 1<P2/P1<2, we study the long-term stability of packed two planet
systems. The Hamiltonian for two massive planets on nearly circular and nearly
coplanar orbits near a first order mean motion resonance can be reduced to a
one degree of freedom problem (Sessin & Ferraz Mello (1984), Wisdom (1986),
Henrard et al. (1986)). Using this analytically tractable Hamiltonian, we apply
the resonance overlap criterion to predict the onset of large scale chaotic
motion in close two planet systems. The reduced Hamiltonian has only a weak
dependence on the planetary mass ratio, and hence the overlap criterion is
independent of the planetary mass ratio at lowest order. Numerical integrations
confirm that the planetary mass ratio has little effect on the structure of the
chaotic phase space for close orbits in the low eccentricity (e <~0.1) regime.
We show numerically that orbits in the chaotic web produced primarily by first
order resonance overlap eventually experience large scale erratic variation in
semimajor axes and are Lagrange unstable. This is also true of the orbits in
this overlap region which are Hill stable. As a result, we can use the first
order resonance overlap criterion as an effective stability criterion for pairs
of observed planets. We show that for low mass (<~10 M_Earth) planetary systems
with initially circular orbits the period ratio at which complete overlap
occurs and widespread chaos results lies in a region of parameter space which
is Hill stable. Our work indicates that a resonance overlap criterion which
would apply for initially eccentric orbits needs to take into account second
order resonances. Finally, we address the connection found in previous work
between the Hill stability criterion and numerically determined Lagrange
instability boundaries in the context of resonance overlap.Comment: Accepted for publication in Ap
An experimental investigation of vortex breakdown on a delta wing
An experimental investigation of vortex breakdown on delta wings at high angles is presented. Thin delta wings having sweep angles of 70, 75, 80 and 85 degrees are being studied. Smoke flow visualization and the laser light sheet technique are being used to obtain cross-sectional views of the leading edge vortices as they break down. At low tunnel speeds (as low as 3 m/s) details of the flow, which are usually imperceptible or blurred at higher speeds, can be clearly seen. A combination of lateral and longitudinal cross-sectional views provides information on the three dimensional nature of the vortex structure before, during and after breakdown. Whereas details of the flow are identified in still photographs, the dynamic characteristics of the breakdown process were recorded using high speed movies. Velocity measurements were obtained using a laser Doppler anemometer with the 70 degree delta wing at 30 degrees angle of attack. The measurements show that when breakdown occurs the core flow transforms from a jet-like flow to a wake-like flow
Comparative (computational) analysis of the DNA methylation status of trinucleotide repeat expansion diseases
Copyright © 2013 Mohammadmersad Ghorbani et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.This article has been made available through the Brunel Open Access Publishing Fund.Previous studies have examined DNA methylation in different trinucleotide repeat diseases. We have combined this data and used a pattern searching algorithm to identify motifs in the DNA surrounding aberrantly methylated CpGs found in the DNA of patients with one of the three trinucleotide repeat (TNR) expansion diseases: fragile X syndrome (FRAXA), myotonic dystrophy type I (DM1), or Friedreich’s ataxia (FRDA). We examined sequences surrounding both the variably methylated (VM) CpGs, which are hypermethylated in patients compared with unaffected controls, and the nonvariably methylated CpGs which remain either always methylated (AM) or never methylated (NM) in both patients and controls. Using the J48 algorithm of WEKA analysis, we identified that two patterns are all that is necessary to classify our three regions CCGG* which is found in VM and not in AM regions and AATT* which distinguished between NM and VM + AM using proportional frequency. Furthermore, comparing our software with MEME software, we have demonstrated that our software identifies more patterns than MEME in these short DNA sequences. Thus, we present evidence that the DNA sequence surrounding CpG can influence its susceptibility to be de novo methylated in a disease state associated with a trinucleotide repeat.European Union Seventh Framework Programme and The Brunel University Graduate Program
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