163 research outputs found
Ages and kinematics of chemically selected, accreted Milky Way halo stars
We exploit the [Mg/Mn]-[Al/Fe] chemical abundance plane to help identify
nearby halo stars in the 14th data release from the APOGEE survey that have
been accreted on to the Milky Way. Applying a Gaussian Mixture Model, we find a
`blob' of 856 likely accreted stars, with a low disc contamination rate of ~7%.
Cross-matching the sample with the second data release from Gaia gives us
access to parallaxes and apparent magnitudes, which place constraints on
distances and intrinsic luminosities. Using a Bayesian isochrone pipeline, this
enables us to estimate new ages for the accreted stars, with typical
uncertainties of ~20%. Our new catalogue is further supplemented with estimates
of orbital parameters.
The blob stars span a metallicities between -0.5 to -2.5, and [Mg/Fe] between
-0.1 to 0.5. They constitute ~30% of the metal-poor ([Fe/H] < -0.8) halo at
metallicities of ~-1.4. Our new ages are mainly range between 8 to 13 Gyr, with
the oldest stars the metal-poorest, and with the highest [Mg/Fe] abundance. If
the blob stars are assumed to belong to a single progenitor, the ages imply
that the system merged with our Milky Way around 8 Gyr ago and that star
formation proceeded for ~5 Gyr. Dynamical arguments suggest that such a single
progenitor would have a total mass of ~1011Msun, similar to that found by other
authors using chemical evolution models and simulations. Comparing the scatter
in the [Mg/Fe]-[Fe/H] plane of the blob stars to that measured for stars
belonging to the Large Magellanic Cloud suggests that the blob does indeed
contain stars from only one progenitor.Comment: 14 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables, submitted to MNRAS. Comments welcome
seestar: Selection functions for spectroscopic surveys of the Milky Way
Selection functions are vital for understanding the observational biases of
spectroscopic surveys. With the wide variety of multi-object spectrographs
currently in operation and becoming available soon, we require easily
generalisable methods for determining the selection functions of these surveys.
Previous work, however, has largely been focused on generating individual,
tailored selection functions for every data release of each survey. Moreover,
no methods for combining these selection functions to be used for joint
catalogues have been developed.
We have developed a Poisson likelihood estimation method for calculating
selection functions in a Bayesian framework, which can be generalised to any
multi-object spectrograph. We include a robust treatment of overlapping fields
within a survey as well as selection functions for combined samples with
overlapping footprints. We also provide a method for transforming the selection
function that depends on the sky positions, colour, and apparent magnitude of a
star to one that depends on the galactic location, metallicity, mass, and age
of a star. This `intrinsic' selection function is invaluable for chemodynamical
models of the Milky Way. We demonstrate that our method is successful at
recreating synthetic spectroscopic samples selected from a mock galaxy
catalogue.Comment: MNRAS, revised version contains significant improvements to the model
and more rigorous statistical test
Discrimination, Challenge and Response: People of North East India
Pulla, V., Bhattacharyya, R., & Bhatt, S. (eds). Discrimination, Challenge and Response-People of North East India, Palgrave Macmillan, 2020, 203 pp., ISBN 978-3-030-46250-5, eBook:£87.50; Hardcover: £109.9
Non-Minimal Inflation with a scalar-curvature mixing term
We use the PLANCK 2018 and the WMAP data to constraint inflation models
driven by a scalar field in the presence of the non-minimal
scalar-curvature mixing term . We propose four scalar
field potentials and
in the non-minimal scenario. We calculate
the slow-roll parameters and predict the scalar spectral index , the
tensor to scalar ratio and tensor spectral index in the
parameters() space of the potential. We compare our results
with the PLANCK 2018 and WMAP data and found that the non-minimal parameter
lies between .Comment: 17 pages, 7 figures, 6 table
Alzheimer’s Protective A2T Mutation Changes the Conformational Landscape of the Aβ1–42 Monomer Differently Than Does the A2V Mutation
AbstractThe aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides plays a crucial role in the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, it has been reported that an A2T mutation in Aβ can protect against AD. Interestingly, a nonpolar A2V mutation also has been found to offer protection against AD in the heterozygous state, although it causes early-onset AD in homozygous carriers. Since the conformational landscape of the Aβ monomer is known to directly contribute to the early-stage aggregation mechanism, it is important to characterize the effects of the A2T and A2V mutations on Aβ1–42 monomer structure. Here, we have performed extensive atomistic replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations of the solvated wild-type (WT), A2V, and A2T Aβ1–42 monomers. Our simulations reveal that although all three variants remain as collapsed coils in solution, there exist significant structural differences among them at shorter timescales. A2V exhibits an enhanced double-hairpin population in comparison to the WT, similar to those reported in toxic WT Aβ1–42 oligomers. Such double-hairpin formation is caused by hydrophobic clustering between the N-terminus and the central and C-terminal hydrophobic patches. In contrast, the A2T mutation causes the N-terminus to engage in unusual electrostatic interactions with distant residues, such as K16 and E22, resulting in a unique population comprising only the C-terminal hairpin. These findings imply that a single A2X (where X = V or T) mutation in the primarily disordered N-terminus of the Aβ1–42 monomer can dramatically alter the β-hairpin population and switch the equilibrium toward alternative structures. The atomistically detailed, comparative view of the structural landscapes of A2V and A2T variant monomers obtained in this study can enhance our understanding of the mechanistic differences in their early-stage aggregation
AlphaFold Distillation for Improved Inverse Protein Folding
Inverse protein folding, i.e., designing sequences that fold into a given
three-dimensional structure, is one of the fundamental design challenges in
bio-engineering and drug discovery. Traditionally, inverse folding mainly
involves learning from sequences that have an experimentally resolved
structure. However, the known structures cover only a tiny space of the protein
sequences, imposing limitations on the model learning. Recently proposed
forward folding models, e.g., AlphaFold, offer unprecedented opportunity for
accurate estimation of the structure given a protein sequence. Naturally,
incorporating a forward folding model as a component of an inverse folding
approach offers the potential of significantly improving the inverse folding,
as the folding model can provide a feedback on any generated sequence in the
form of the predicted protein structure or a structural confidence metric.
However, at present, these forward folding models are still prohibitively slow
to be a part of the model optimization loop during training. In this work, we
propose to perform knowledge distillation on the folding model's confidence
metrics, e.g., pTM or pLDDT scores, to obtain a smaller, faster and end-to-end
differentiable distilled model, which then can be included as part of the
structure consistency regularized inverse folding model training. Moreover, our
regularization technique is general enough and can be applied in other design
tasks, e.g., sequence-based protein infilling. Extensive experiments show a
clear benefit of our method over the non-regularized baselines. For example, in
inverse folding design problems we observe up to 3% improvement in sequence
recovery and up to 45% improvement in protein diversity, while still preserving
structural consistency of the generated sequences.Comment: Preprin
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