СУЧАСНІ СИСТЕМИ ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ ТА ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ПОВЕНЕЙ

In recent decades, the world experienced devastating floods, which led to the loss of human life, resettlement of people, significant economic damage and adverse effects on the environment. The article establishes the basic criteria that influence the development and dissemination of these hydrological phenomena. Floods know no borders between countries and regions. This means that the management of flood risks should have transboundary nature. Modern trends of effective planning of flood risk management in the European Union are considered.Протягом останніх десятиліть в світі відбувалися руйнівні повені, що призвели до людських жертв, необхідності переселення людей, значних економічних збитків та негативного впливу на природу. В статті встановлено основні критерії, що впливають на розвиток та поширення цих гідрологічних явищ. Повені не знають кордонів між країнами та регіонами. Це означає, що управління ризиками повеней повинно носити транскордонний характер. Розглянуто сучасні тенденції ефективного планування управління ризиками повеней в країнах Євросоюзу

ТЕХНОГЕННА НЕБЕЗПЕКА ГІРНИЧИХ ВИРОБОК КАЛІЙНИХ МІНЕРАЛЬНИХ ДОБРИВ

An assessment of technogenic danger of excavations of potash mineral fertilizers is given. Shortcomings of chamber-subsurface systems of development of the Stebnyky field of potash salts that led to formation in the underground horizons of huge cavities are shown. Danger of washing out of interchamber partitions by surface water, subsidence of terrestrial surface and formation of chasms are shown. Surface karst and shift processes in the territory of the mining region of Stebnyk are analysed. Negative influence of a tailing dump on environment caused by hydrosphere pollution by salty water is shown.Дано оцінку техногенної небезпеки гірничих виробок калійних мінеральних добрив. Показано недоліки камерно-підповерхової системи розробки Стебниківського родовища калійних солей, що призвела до утворення у підземних горизонтах величезних порожнин. Показано небезпеку розмивання міжкамерних перегородок поверхневими водами, просідання земної поверхні і утворення провалів. Проаналізовано поверхневі карстові та зсувні процеси на території гірничодобувного району Стебника. Показано негативний вплив хвостосховища на довкілля, що зумовлений забрудненням гідросфери солоною водою

Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Multiple Serrated Polyps: A Cross-Sectional Case Series from Genetics Clinics

Patients with multiple serrated polyps are at an increased risk for developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Recent reports have linked cigarette smoking with the subset of CRC that develops from serrated polyps. The aim of this work therefore was to investigate the association between smoking and the risk of CRC in high-risk genetics clinic patients presenting with multiple serrated polyps. Methods and Findings We identified 151 Caucasian individuals with multiple serrated polyps including at least 5 outside the rectum, and classified patients into non-smokers, current or former smokers at the time of initial diagnosis of polyposis. Cases were individuals with multiple serrated polyps who presented with CRC. Controls were individuals with multiple serrated polyps and no CRC. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate associations between smoking and CRC with adjustment for age at first presentation, sex and co-existing traditional adenomas, a feature that has been consistently linked with CRC risk in patients with multiple serrated polyps. CRC was present in 56 (37%) individuals at presentation. Patients with at least one adenoma were 4 times more likely to present with CRC compared with patients without adenomas (OR = 4.09; 95%CI 1.27 to 13.14; P = 0.02). For females, the odds of CRC decreased by 90% in current smokers as compared to never smokers (OR = 0.10; 95%CI 0.02 to 0.47; P = 0.004) after adjusting for age and adenomas. For males, there was no relationship between current smoking and CRC. There was no statistical evidence of an association between former smoking and CRC for both sexes. Conclusion A decreased odds for CRC was identified in females with multiple serrated polyps who currently smoke, independent of age and the presence of a traditional adenoma. Investigations into the biological basis for these observations could lead to non-smoking-related therapies being developed to decrease the risk of CRC and colectomy in these patients.Daniel D. Buchanan, Kevin Sweet, Musa Drini, Mark A. Jenkins, Aung Ko Win, Dallas R. English, Michael D. Walsh, Mark Clendenning, Diane M. McKeone, Rhiannon J. Walters, Aedan Roberts, Sally-Ann Pearson, Erika Pavluk, John L. Hopper, Michael R. Gattas, Jack Goldblatt, Jill George, Graeme K. Suthers, Kerry D. Phillips, Sonja Woodal, Julie Arnold, Kathy Tucker, Amanda Muir, Michael Field, Sian Greening, Steven Gallinger, Renee Perrier, John A. Baron, John D. Potter, Robert Haile, Wendy Franke, Albert de la Chapelle, Finlay Macrae, Christophe Rosty, Neal I. Walker, Susan Parry and Joanne P. Youn

Linkage to chromosome 2q32.2-q33.3 in familial serrated neoplasia (Jass syndrome)

Causative genetic variants have to date been identified for only a small proportion of familial colorectal cancer (CRC). While conditions such as Familial Adenomatous Polyposis and Lynch syndrome have well defined genetic causes, the search for variants underlying the remainder of familial CRC is plagued by genetic heterogeneity. The recent identification of families with a heritable predisposition to malignancies arising through the serrated pathway (familial serrated neoplasia or Jass syndrome) provides an opportunity to study a subset of familial CRC in which heterogeneity may be greatly reduced. A genome-wide linkage screen was performed on a large family displaying a dominantly-inherited predisposition to serrated neoplasia genotyped using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 10 K SNP Array. Parametric and nonparametric analyses were performed and resulting regions of interest, as well as previously reported CRC susceptibility loci at 3q22, 7q31 and 9q22, were followed up by finemapping in 10 serrated neoplasia families. Genome-wide linkage analysis revealed regions of interest at 2p25.2-p25.1, 2q24.3-q37.1 and 8p21.2-q12.1. Finemapping linkage and haplotype analyses identified 2q32.2-q33.3 as the region most likely to harbour linkage, with heterogeneity logarithm of the odds (HLOD) 2.09 and nonparametric linkage (NPL) score 2.36 (P = 0.004). Five primary candidate genes (CFLAR, CASP10, CASP8, FZD7 and BMPR2) were sequenced and no segregating variants identified. There was no evidence of linkage to previously reported loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 9

Modern Warning And Flood Forecasting Systems

In recent decades, the world experienced devastating floods, which led to the loss of human life, resettlement of people, significant economic damage and adverse effects on the environment. The article establishes the basic criteria that influence the development and dissemination of these hydrological phenomena. Floods know no borders between countries and regions. This means that the management of flood risks should have transboundary nature. Modern trends of effective planning of flood risk management in the European Union are considered

Technogenic Danger Of Excavations Of Potash Mineral Fertilizers

An assessment of technogenic danger of excavations of potash mineral fertilizers is given. Shortcomings of chamber-subsurface systems of development of the Stebnyky field of potash salts that led to formation in the underground horizons of huge cavities are shown. Danger of washing out of interchamber partitions by surface water, subsidence of terrestrial surface and formation of chasms are shown. Surface karst and shift processes in the territory of the mining region of Stebnyk are analysed. Negative influence of a tailing dump on environment caused by hydrosphere pollution by salty water is shown

Immunohistochemical testing of conventional adenomas for loss of expression of mismatch repair proteins in Lynch syndrome mutation carriers: a case series from the Australasian site of the colon cancer family registry

Debate continues as to the usefulness of assessing adenomas for loss of mismatch repair protein expression to identify individuals with suspected Lynch syndrome. We tested 109 polyps from 69 proven mutation carriers (35 females and 34 males) belonging to 49 Lynch syndrome families. All polyps were tested by immunohistochemistry for four mismatch repair proteins MLH1, MSH2, MSH6 and PMS2. Detailed pathology review was performed by specialist gastrointestinal pathologists. The majority of polyps (86%) were conventional adenomas (n=94), with 65 tubular and 28 tubulovillous adenomas and a single villous adenoma. The remaining 15 lesions (14%) were serrated polyps. Overall, loss of mismatch repair expression was noted for 78/109 (72%) of polyps. Loss of mismatch repair expression was seen in 74 of 94 (79%) conventional adenomas, and 4 of 15 (27%) serrated polyps from mismatch repair gene mutation carriers. In all instances, loss of expression was consistent with the underlying germline mutation. Mismatch repair protein expression was lost in 27 of 29 adenomas with a villous component compared with 47 of 65 adenomas without this feature (93 vs 73%; P=0.028). A strong trend was observed for high-grade dysplasia. Mismatch repair deficiency was observed in 12 of 12 conventional adenomas with high-grade dysplasia compared with 60 of 79 with low-grade dysplasia (100 vs 76%; P=0.065). We were unable to demonstrate a significant association between conventional adenoma size or site and mismatch repair deficiency. All (4/4 or 100%) of the serrated polyps demonstrating mismatch repair deficiency were traditional serrated adenomas from a single family. Diagnostic testing of adenomas in suspected Lynch syndrome families is a useful alternative in cases where cancers are unavailable. The overwhelming majority of conventional adenomas from mutation carriers show loss of mismatch repair protein expression concordant with the underlying germline mutation.Michael D Walsh... Graeme K Suthers... et al