Features of micro- and ultrastructure of low-fat butter and its low-fat analogues

The aim of the research was to study the features of the structure of low-fat butter and butter pastes, which, in terms of composition and properties, more fully meet the requirements of a healthy diet than high-fat types of butter. The objects of research were: butter with fat content of 72.5%; butter with fat content of 55% made with the addition of skimmed milk powder; butter of the same fat content with the addition of stabilizers based on guar and xanthan gums and emulsifiers based on monoand diglycerides of fatty acids; butter pastes with fat content of 45% with similar additives used to increase the stability of the process of butter formation and improve the texture. The microstructure was studied using an MBI-6 microscope, and the ultramicrostructure was studied using a Phillips electron microscope. In the first case, the sample was prepared by crushing the sample, in the second one — by the method of ultrafast freeze-fracture and etching. Researches have shown that the use of the introduced ingredients improves the homogeneity of the structure of the studied products. Due to the ability of milk proteins and stabilizers to retain moisture, it is more evenly distributed and well retained in the fat matrix of the product, formed from crystalline and liquid fat in the form of a continuous phase, which is confirmed by a sufficient penetration depth of the fat-soluble dye. Plasma droplets in butter with fat content of 72.5% and 55% are more isolated than in butter pastes, as indicated by the greater penetration depth of the water-soluble dye. The average diameter of isolated moisture droplets in low-fat products was 3.3–5.4 μm, and the average diameter of the fat globules that form the basis of the crystalline framework was 5.4–7.4 μm, depending on the composition of the product. For butter with fat content of 72.5%, the values of these indicators were 2.8 and 4.0 μm. The results of the study indicate the presence of differences in the sizes of structural elements, but at the same time confirm the uniformity of the structure of low-fat products, allowing them to be attributed to dispersions «water-in-oil»

Electrophysical characteristics of water of the rivers of Siberia and Altai

The results of measurements of the complex permittivity at the range of 100 MHz - 40 GHz and the conductivity of the water out of the reservoirs of Tomsk and Kemerovo regions and the Altai Territory are presented in the article. The method of the open-end-coaxial was applied. The conductivity was measured with LCR-meter at a frequency of 100 kHz. All the measurements were performed at temperatures of 10°C and 23°C. The samples are varied significantly in the values of conductivity, which is related to the geographical sampling place. Differences in permittivity values are greater at the low temperature and low frequencies and at the same time they are also significant at the high temperature and at high frequencies. The results of this study in order to improve the reliability of the analysis of the pollution degree and water salt content of natural water reservoirs should be taken into account the measurement made at wide frequency range. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

Assessment of Education Quality Assurance Conditions During Public Accreditation of Educational Organization

The article proposes to evaluate the conditions of educational activities, which ensure the quality of education, during public accreditation of an educational organization. The approach is based on the use of the mechanism of external independent evaluation, conducted by a public organization, to determine the level of an educational organization in order to promote consistent improvement in the quality of the processes of providing and implementing educational activities. A number of indicators that can be expressed quantitatively are proposed. The work of the educational organization to ensure the quality of education in this case can be evaluated on the basis of the proposed indicators

THE DERMATOLOGICAL PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT VISUAL ASSESSMENT METHOD BY THE PROTECTIVE ACTION PARAMETER

This work was supported by D. I. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia. Project number K-2020-007

Pathomorphological indicators of endothelial - erythrocytic dysfunction in type I diabetes: from the period of reproduction to the elderly and senile age

The study proved that changes in carbohydrate metabolism in diabetes mellitus significantly affect the properties of the endothelial-erythrocytic system, and they can be diagnosed using various modern microscopy methods at an early stag

Assessing economic losses of lake Kaban (Kazan, RUSSIA) ecosystem and developing of compensation measures within the framework of sports facilities construction

© MCSER-Mediterranean Center of Social and Educational Research. We have calculated the environmental losses arising in the course of preparation and construction activities on the lake Kaban. The size of environmental damage caused under construction was evaluated in a total of $ 273,863 USA. Developed compensatory measures that reduce the effects of damage caused by the construction work. We have developed a concept of biological rehabilitation of the lake and we have made prediction of change in the state of the lake ecosystem as a result of rehabilitation measures