Uticaj agroekoloških faktora i hibridne kombinacije na osobine semena hibrida kukuruza

The present study encompasses the analysis of effects of agroecological conditions (year, location) and hybrid combinations on seed size, relationships between fractions (in %, small vs. large), and germination. The following four hybrids were used in the study: ZP 704, ZP 434, ZP 684, and ZP 666. The analysis covers three years (2010, 2011 and 2013), while 2012 was omitted due to poor production conditions. Furthermore, meteorological factors were also analysed and this analysis shows that years differed in the amount and distribution of precipitation. According to obtained results, the hybrid combination had a crucial effect on observed traits, but effects of agroecological factors over years and locations were also important. The most desirable relationship between small and large seed fractions was detected in the hybrid ZP 704 (88.3% vs. 11.7%). In hybrids ZP 434, ZP 666 and ZP 684, seed quality, i.e. germination was higher in the large fractions, while a quite opposite situation was recorded in the hybrid ZP 704 - small seed fractions had higher germination. Such studies should be continued, because new hybrids are constantly introduced into the production.U radu je obavljena analiza uticaja agroekoloških uslova (godina, lokacija) i hibridne kombinacije na krupnoću semena, procentualni odnos frakcija (sitne, krupne) i klijavost. Za analizu su uzete četiri hibridne kombinacije i to: hibrid ZP 704, ZP 434, ZP 684 i ZP 666. Analiza obuhvata 3 godine (2010, 2011 i 2013. god.). Godina 2012. je izostavljena zbog izuzetno loših uslova za proizvodnju semenskog kukuruza. Urađena je analiza meteoroloških faktora za navedeni period i može se zaključiti da su se godine vrlo mnogo razlikovale po visini i rasporedu padavina. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da presudan uticaj na posmatrane osobine ima hibridna kombinacija, a da je zapažen i uticaj agroekoloških faktora kroz godine i lokacije. Zaključeno je da najpoželjniji odnos sitnih i krupnih frakcija ima hibrid ZP 704, kod koga je zastupljenost sitnih frakcija 88,3%, dok je krupnih bilo 11,7%. Što se kvaliteta semena tiče kod ZP 434, ZP 666 i ZP 684 krupne frakcije su imale bolju, tj. veću klijavost. Kod hibrida ZP 704 je zabeležena obrnuta situacija - sitne frakcije su imale veću klijavost.Ovakva istraživanja treba nastaviti zbog toga što se u proizvodnju stalno uvode novi hibridi

Stanje i perspektive u oplemenjivačkom i semenarskom sektoru Srbije

Serbia is a country with favourable agro-ecological conditions for agricultural production, especially for maize, sunflower, soybean, sugar beet and small grain cereals. Also, the tradition of successful seed production and plant breeding, include Serbia in countries with significant potential for the seed industry. Significant areas are used for seed production, and in 2014. for wheat, maize, soybean and sunflower this amounted: 19.003 ha, 10.487 ha, 8.116 ha and 1.590 ha, respectively. The events during the 1990s, international sanctions and civil war, depleted the national seed industry concerning material resources and the status. Transitional events that followed brought a series of changes in all activities including ownership, technology, commerce and the market. Currently, in addition to several state-own Institutes, a large number of international and national private seed companies compete on the Serbian market. Despite many stated negative trends for national seed industry, Serbia is still one of the major seed producers in Europe. Also, Serbia is still one of the countries whose results in plant breeding are competitive with the world's leading companies. With certain improvements Serbia can become an even better place for the seed industry. At the same time, we must not ignore the role of the public sector in the conservation of natural and technological resources, as well as development in plant breeding and seed sciences of our country.Srbija je zemlja sa izuzetno povoljnim agro-klimatskim uslovima za biljnu proizvodnju, posebno ratarskih kultura kao što su kukuruz, suncokret, soja, šećerna repa i strna žita. Takođe, u prošlosti dobro razvijena mreža istraživačko-razvojnih instituta, koji su se bavili oplemenjivanjem i semenarstvom poljoprivrednih kultura, stvorila je uslove da Srbija bude zemlja sa značajnim potencijalom za semensku industriju. Na žalost, ratna dešavanja devedesetih godina i međunarodne sankcije, materijalno i statusno su osiromašile domaću semensku industriju. Izgubljen je značajan deo tržišta, naša zemlja je isključena iz važnih međunarodnih udruženja, a naši doradni kapaciteti su ostali neiskorišćeni i bez neophodnih tehničkih i tehnoloških investicija. Vreme tranzicije donelo je niz promena u svim oblastima delatnosti od vlasničkih, preko tehnoloških do komecijalnih i tržišnih. Danas se, pored nekoliko državnih instituta, na tržištu Srbije nalazi veliki broj inostranih i domaćih privatnih semenskih kompanija. Ali i pored svih negativnih trendova na nacionalnu semensku industriju, ne mogu se prenebregnuti dve važne činjenice: 1. još uvek smo jedan od nekoliko vodećih evropskih proizvođača žitarica, ali i drugih biljnih vrsta; 2. još uvek smo jedna od retkih evropskih država čiji su rezultati u oplemenjivanju biljaka konkurentni vodećim svetskim kompanijama. Uz određena unapređenja na kojima se intenzivno radi, a odnose se na usklađivanje zakonske regulative sa EU kao i modernizacije postojećih doradnih kapaciteta, Srbija može postati još bolje mesto za semensku industriju

Breeding of speciality maize for industrial purposes

The breeding programme on speciality maize with specific traits was established at the Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, several decades ago. The initial material was collected, new methods applying to breeding of speciality maize, i.e. popping maize, sweet maize and white-seeded maize, were introduced. The aim was to enhance and improve variability of the initial material for breeding these three types of maize. Then, inbred lines of good combining abilities were developed and used as components for deriving new superior popping maize hybrids, sweet maize hybrids and white-seeded maize hybrids. Breeding was aimed at the increase of the popping volume of new inbred lines and hybrids of popping maize, then at the improvement of quality of popped kernels - flakes, and at yield increasing. Furthermore, the aim was to improve quality of sweet maize for different purposes, industrial processing and consumption as fresh food and also to improve yield and quality of white-seeded maize. As a result of such breeding, 28, 11 and 9 sweet maize, popping maize and white-seeded maize hybrids were released, respectively

Uticaj hibridne kombinacije na osobine semena kukuruza

In this paper the influence of hybrid on the particular traits of maize seed was examined. Four maize hybrids were tested on four locations. Analysed traits were: yield, ratio of seed fractions and germination by fractions. Yield differed among the hybrids. Hybrid ZP 427 achieved the highest yield per area unit (5,522.4 kg/ha), and ZP 434 had the lowest, with 2,357.8 kg/ha. The ratio of seed fractions differed significantly depending on the hybrid. Based on the results we can conclude that hybrid ZP 600 had the best ratio of fractions, with 76.2 % of small fraction. In all tested hybrids large fractions had higher germination efficiency. The highest average germination was observed in large fractions of hybrid ZP 666 (97.87 %), while the lowest germination was at small fractions of ZP 600 (92.38 %). On all three examined traits there was significant effect of both genotype and location, as well as their interaction.U radu je ispitivan uticaj hibrida na pojedine osobine semena kukuruza. Istraživanjem su obuhvaćena četiri ZP hibrida kukuruza različite genetičke osnove, čija je proizvodnja bila na četiri lokacije. U radu je analizirana proizvodnja semena pomenutih hibrida u 2014. godini. Ispitivane su sledeće osobine: prinos, procentualni odnos krupnih i sitnih frakcija semena i klijavost po frakcijama. Dobijeni rezultati su testirani analizom varijanse, a međusobna poređenja su vršena pomoću LSD testa. Hibridi su se razlikovali po visini prinosa. Hibrid ZP 427 ostvario je najveći prosečan prinos po jedinici površine od 5.522,4 kg/ha, a najniži prinos je imao hibrid ZP 434 koji je ostvario 2.357,8 kg/ha. Procentualno učešće krupnih i sitnih frakcija bilo je vrlo različito u zavisnosti od hibrida. Hibrid ZP 427 imao je 90% krupne i 10% sitne frakcije, hibrid ZP 434 ostvario je 70,8% krupne i 29,2% sitne frakcije, kod ZP 666 zabeleženo je 44,5% krupne i 55,5% sitne frakcije i na kraju ZP 600 imao je 23,8% krupne i 76,2% sitne frakcije. Na osnovu toga se može zaključiti da je kod hibrida ZP 600 zabeležen najbolji odnos frakcija, tj. sitnih frakcija ima 76,2% što daje više setvenih jedinica po hektaru. Što se klijavosti tiče, kod svih ispitivanih hibrida, krupne frakcije su imale veći procenat klijavosti. Najviša prosečna klijavost je zabeležena kod krupne frakcije hibrida ZP 666 (97,87%), dok je najniža klijavost bila kod sitne frakcije hibrida ZP 600 (92,38%). Kod ispoljavanja sve tri ispitivane osobine značajan uticaj su imali genotip i lokacija, kao i njihova interakcija

Uticaj vlažnosti pri berbi na klijavost semena kukuruza

Modern maize seed drying and processing technology is applied today to ensure high quality grain. The most important factor in preserving seed quality is the moisture content. The time of harvesting, drying, storage and seed conservation is determined by the seed water quantity. At the harvesting time, a lower moisture content is desirable due to seed physiological maturity as well as consequences that may be caused during seed drying. During seed storage, water in seed is maintained at the level of latency to preserve vital seed functions, for maize it is 13-14 %. Influence of different seed moisture content, during harvesting time, on maize seed quality were studied in this research. Two physiological traits of seed were observed: seed energy and germination. Material used in this research were maize hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 666. Moisture content during harvesting time was measured after drying and primary processing, two seed sizes were obtained. From the divided seed samples were taken for laboratory tests. Harvesting was done at different seed moisture content lt 25 %, 25-30 %, 30-35 % and > 35 %. Maize cobs were dried in double-pass system drier with air temperature below 42 oC. Cob moisture is measured with moisture meter (Pfeuffer). Seed was divided into two fractions according to size using sieves with mesh sizes ranging from 6.5 - 8.3 mm and 8.4 - 11.0 mm. Seed energy and germination were determined in seed testing laboratory on working samples 4x100 seed, by standard maize germination test with ISTA Rules, and Rule on the quality of seed of agricultural plants. Experimental results were calculated on average mean and total variability (SD i C.V.) for seed energy, germination and moisture content. The three factorial analysis of variance was calculated for both germination traits (seed energy and germination), for factors: hybrid, seed sizes and seed moisture content. The results of all factors and traits had different values. The highest means of seed energy and germination in both fractions of both observed hybrids were recorded with the seed moisture content ranging from 30 to 35 %.U cilju dobijanja što kvalitetnijeg semenskog materijala, danas je u primeni savremena tehnologija dorade i sušenja semena. Jedan od osnovnih činilaca očuvanja kvaliteta semena je voda. Količina vode u semenu određuje vreme berbe, način sušenja, skladištenja i očuvanja kvaliteta semena.U vreme berbe poželjan je manji sadržaj vode, kako zbog fiziološke zrelosti semena tako i zbog posledica koje mogu biti uzrokovane dužim periodom sušenja. Za vreme čuvanja semena voda se održava na nivou latentnosti životnih funkcija, a za kukuruz to je 13-14%. U ovim istraživanjima posmatran je uticaj različitih vlažnosti semena u toku berbe na kvalitet semena. Posmatrane su dve fiziološke osobine semena: energija klijanja i klijavost. Materijal korišćen u istraživanjima su dva hibrida kukuruza ZP 434 i ZP 666. Berba je vršena sa različitom vlažnošću semena, a posle sušenja i krunjenja, iz naturalnog semenskog materijala izdvojene su dve frakcije po krupnoći. Iz podeljenog semenskog materijala izdvajani su uzorci za laboratorijsko ispitivanje semena. Berba je vršena sa različitom vlažnošću semena, koja je bila: lt 25%, 25-30%, 30-35% i sa vlažnošću većoj od 35%. Sušenje semenskog klipa obavljeno je u sušarama tipa komora sa dva prolaza fluida za sušenje klipa kukuruza na temperaturi ispod 42oC. Ulazna vlaga klipa merena je laboratorijskim uređajima za određivanje vlage Pfeuffer. Deljenje semena na dve frakcija izvršeno je po krupnoći korišćenjem sita promera 6,5-8,3 mm i 8,4-11,0 mm. Ispitivanje energije klijanja i klijavosti rađeno je u laboratoriji za ispitivanje semena na radnom uzorku 4x100 semena po standardnoj metodi na naizmeničnoj temperaturi 20-30oC po ISTA pravilima i Pravilniku o kvalitetu semena poljoprivrednog bilja. Eksperimentalni podaci obrađeni su na srednju vrednost, standardnu devijaciju i ukupnu varijabilnost (SD i C.V.) za sve osobine semena i svaku varijantu istraživanja. Trofaktorijalna analiza varijanse urađena je za obe posmatrane osobine semena (energiju klijanja i klijavost), za faktore: hibrid, frakcija i vlažnost semena. Dobijeni rezultati po svim osnovama, pokazuju različite vrednosti. Najveća enegija klijanja i klijavost semena utvrđeni su za seme čija je vlaga u toku berbe bila 30-35% za oba ispitivana hibrida

Stabilnost prinosa novih ZP hibrida kukuruza

Six newly developed hybrids and four hybrids already widely grown during the last decade were observed in the present study. Grain yield stability parameters were estimated using methods developed by Eberhart and Russell (1966) and Lin and Binns (1988). The highest grain yield stability obtained by both parameters (bi and Pi) was recorded in hybrids ZP 606 and ZP 600. Moreover, highest average grain yield was also detected in those two hybrids. The hybrids ZP 666 and ZP 560 will have highest adaptation to more favorable growing conditions. On the other hand, hybrids ZP 434 and ZP 341 are expected to show the best adaptability to less favorable environments. A high positive correlation was found between a superiority measure (Pi) and a grain yield.U ovom radu je korišćeno šest novih hibrida, kao i četiri hibrida koji već zauzimaju velike površine u proizvodnji u zadnjih deset godina. Parametri stabilnosti prinosa su izračunati korišćenjem metoda koje su razvili Eberhart i Rasel (1966) i Lin i Bins (1988). Najviša stabilnost prinosa, na osnovu oba parametra (bi i Pi) je utvrđena kod hibrida ZP 606 i ZP 600. Najviši prosečan prinos je takođe zabeležen kod ova dva hibrida. Hibridi ZP 666 i ZP 560 pokazuju najvišu adaptabilnost na povoljnije uslove gajenja. Sa druge strane, hibridi ZP 434 i ZP 341 su pokazali bolju adaptabilnost u manje povoljnim uslovima gajenja. Visoka pozitivna korelacija je zabeležena između parametra stabilnosti Pi i prinosa zrna

Uticaj načina žetve i dorade na životnu sposobnost semena soje

Organic viability of soybean seed for three soybean varieties - elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 and Nena) depending on methods of manipulation with seeds during harvesting and processing phase were determined in this paper. Trial was conducted in Zemun Polje during 1999; manual and mechanized harvesting or processing methods were applied. Seed germination was tested using ISTA methods (Standard method and Cold test). Following parameters were evaluated: germination viability, germination, rate-speed of emergence, length of hypocotile and main root Rate-speed of emergence was based on number of emerged plants per day. Length of hypocotile or root and percent of germination determined vigour index. Based on obtained results it maybe concluded that methods of seed manipulation during harvesting or processing phase were influenced on soybean seed quality parameters evaluated. Ways of seed manipulation - methods evaluated were influenced organic viability of soybean seed by decreasing germination viability, total germination and length of main root.U radu je ispitivana životna sposobnost semena tri sorte soje-elite (Bosa, ZPS 015 i Nena) u zavisnosti od načina manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade. Seme je proizvedeno u Zemun Polju u 1999. godini, a žetva i dorada su obavljene ručno i mašinski. Za ispitivanje klijavosti korišćene su ISTA metode (standardna i Cold test). Ispitivani su sledeći parametri: energija klijanja, klijavost, brzina nicanja, dužina bipokotila i primarnog korena. Krzina nicanja utvrđena je na osnovu broja izniklih biljaka po danu. Indeks vigoroznosti je determinisan na osnovu dužine hipokotila i korena i procenat klijavosti. Na osnovu dobijenih rezultata može se zaključiti da su načini manipulisanja semenom u toku žetve i dorade uticali na ispitivane parametre kvaliteta semena soje. Načini manipulisanja semenom i metode ispitivanja uticali su na životnu sposobnost semena soje smanjivanjem urednosti energije klijanja, klijavosti i dužine primarnog korena

Termalne karakteristike fotosintetičkog aparata samooplodnih linija kukuruza

The delayed chlorophyll fluorescence method was used to determine the following thermal properties of photosynthetic apparatus of the observed maize inbred lines: the temperature dependence within the range of 25-60oC critical temperatures at which phase transitions occur in the thylakoid membrane, and by means of it, significant functional changes in the photosynthetic apparatus of these inbred lines were detected. activation energies (Ea, kJ mol-1) alongside the straight lines prior and after critical temperatures were calculated. Ea is a measure of occurrence of chlorophyll DF recombination processes and by that a measure of the total changes in structure and functioning of the thylakoid membranes. Results and the discussion of presented parameters of total thermal processes of chlorophyll DF, such as: temperature dependence, critical temperatures and activation energy, can be an important factor for a more exact characterisation of maize inbred lines in relation to their resistance and adaptation to temperature and drought, contributing to a rapider and more rational development of the selection process.Metodom zakasnele fluorescencije hlorofila utvrđene su termalne karakteristike fotosintetičkog aparata proučavanih samooplodnih linija kukuruza, i to: određena je temperaturna zavisnost u opsegu od 25 do 60oC, otkrivene su kritične temperature na kojima dolazi do faznih transformacija u tilakoidnoj membrani, a time i do značajnih funkcionalnih promena u fotosintetičkom aparatu ispitivanih samooplodnih linija kukuruza, obračunate su energije aktivacije (Ea kJ/mol) duž pravih linija pre i posle kritične temperature. Ea je mera nastajanja rekombinacionih reakcija povezanih sa uspostavljanjem zakasnele fluorescencije (ZF) hlorofila, a time i ukupnih promena u strukturi i funkciji tilakodinih membrana. Rezultati i diskusija izloženih parametara ukupnih terminalnih procesa ZF hlorofila, kao što su: temperaturna zavisnost, kritične temperature i energija aktivacije mogu doprineti egzaktnijem karakterisanju i trijaži samooplodnih linija kukuruza i linija u procesu selekcije u odnosu na njihovu otpornost i adaptivnost prema temperaturi i suši, što doprinosi bržem i racionalnijem odvijanju procesa selekcije

Uticaj vremena setve na prinos ZP hibrida kukuruza

These experiments were conducted in the period 2003-2008 in Zemun Polje. Five hybrids were investigated in six sowing dates - on April 5th (Sd1), 15th (Sd2) and 25th (Sd3), and on May 5th (Sd4), 15th (Sd5) and 25th (Sd6). Three unfavorable years for the maize production were distinguished in this period: 2003 with 210.0 mm, 2007 with 290.1 mm and 2008 with 224.6 mm of precipitation; 2005 was moderately favorable, with 387.4 mm of precipitation. Two years were favorable for the maize production, both in terms of precipitation amounts and distribution: 2004 with 427.6 mm and 2006 with 417.1 mm. The highest average yield was achieved in Sd2 (11.21 t/ha - 100%). On the other April sowing dates, average yield was lower: on Sd1 - 11.04 t/ha (98.48%), on Sd3 - 10.97 (97.86%). The effects of the May sowing dates were significantly lower comparing with the Sd2: Sd4 - 10.53 t/ha (93.93%), Sd5 - 10.46 t/ha (93.31%) and Sd6 - 9.71 t/ha (86.62%). The highest yielding hybrid was ZP 684 (11.16 t/ha). These results doubtlessly point to the mid April sowing date as an optimum for maize in Serbia.Vreme setve spada u faktore koji imaju značajan uticaj na nivo prinosa kukuruza. Optimalan rok setve bi se mogao definisati kao vreme setve kojim se obezbeđuje nicanje kukuruza u najpovoljnijem trenutku kako bi se maksimalno iskoristili uslovi vegetacionog perioda i formirao što veći prinos. Ova ispitivanja obavljena su u periodu od 2003. do 2008. godine u Zemun Polju. Ispitivano je pet hibrida u šest rokova setve: tri u aprilu (5., 15. i 25.) i tri u maju (5., 15. i 25.). U toku ispitivanja, tri godine su bile nepovoljne za proizvodnju kukuruza: 2003. sa 210,0 mm padavina, 2007. sa 290,1 mm i 2008. sa 224,6 mm. Jedna godina (2005) je imala umereno povoljne uslove - 387,4 mm padavina. Dve godine su bile povoljne u smislu količine i rasporeda padavina: 2004 sa 427,6 mm i 2006. sa 417,1 mm. Najviši prinos ostvaren je pri setvi kukuruza 15. aprila (11,21 t/ha), koji je uzet kao referentna vrednost (100,00%). U ostalim rokovima setve u aprilu prinos je bio niži: Sd1 11,04 t/ha (98,48%), Sd3 10,97 t/ha (97,86%). Setvom u maju, ostvareni su statistički veoma značajno niži prinosi u odnosu na referentnu vrednost: Sd4 - 10,53 t/ha (93,93%), Sd5 - 10,46 t/ha (93,31%) i Sd6 - 9,71 t/ha (86,62%). Hibrid ZP 684 imao je najviši prosečan prinos (11,16 t/ha), dok su svi ostali prinosi bili niži: ZP 680 za 8,23%, ZP 434 za 7,71%, ZP 580 za 4,75% i ZP 578 za 3,05%. Ove činjenice nedvosmisleno ukazuju da je setva kukuruza u aprilu, a posebno polovinom ovog meseca, najpovoljniji rok setve u Srbiji

Promene antioksidativnih materija tokom ubrzanog starenja semena kukuruza

The ageing processes of living organisms, including seeds, relate, to a great extent, to the activity of free radicals. The aim of this study was to investigate changes of the most important antioxidative substances carotenoids, phenolic and thiolic compounds and reduced glutathione (GSH) in seeds of six maize genotypes with different ability to maintain germination. The germination decrease in all maize genotypes was followed by the decrease of all observed antioxidants. The greatest decrease was observed in GSH and thiols, while change of phenolic compounds was sigmoidal. The analysis of the share of certain observed antioxidants in the antioxidative capacity shows that maintenance of germination of all maize genotypes depended on changes of the GSH content.Proces starenja svih živih organizama, pa i semena u velikoj meri je vezan za slobodnoradikalsku aktivnost. Cilj rada bio je da se ispitaju promene najznačajnijih antioksidativnih materija: karotinoida, fenolnih i tiolnih jedinjenja i redukovanog glutationa (GSH) u semenu šest genotipova kukuruza sa različitim očuvanjem klijavosti. Pad klijavosti semena prati i pad sadržaja svih ispitivanih antioksidanata, uz najizraženiji pad GSH i tiolnih jedinjenja i sigmoidalnu promenu fenolnih jedinjenja. Analizom pojedinačnog udela ispitanih antioksidanata u antioksidativnom kapacitetu zaključili smo da održanje klijavosti svih genotipova kukuruza u najvećoj meri zavisi od promena sadržaja GSH