Концептуалізація права національної безпеки як системної цілісності

Богуцький П. П. Концептуалізація права національної безпеки як системної цілісності / П. П. Богуцький // Правові та інституційні механізми забезпечення розвитку України в умовах європейської інтеграції : матеріали Міжнародної науково-практичної конференції (м. Одеса, 18 травня 2018 р.) У 2-х т. Т. 1 / відп. ред. Г. О. Ульянова. – Одеса : Видавничий дім «Гельветика», 2018. – С. 72-75

ALGAL BIOFUELS: ENHANCING ENERGY YIELD, NUTRIENT SUPPLY FROM WASTE AND NUTRIENT RECYCLING FROM ALGAL RESIDUES

Algae represent a potentially valuable feedstock for renewable production of biofuels. However, algal biofuels are not yet economically competitive with fossil fuels. A number of technical roadblocks exist including high demand for chemical fertilizers during algal cultivation, insufficient biomass and lipid productivities, and inefficient conversion of algal feedstock into biofuels. This thesis seeks to improve the economic and environmental sustainability of algal biofuels by (1) reducing fertilizer consumption through partial recycling of essential nutrients and/or their acquisition from wastes; (2) enhancing algal productivity through screening and isolation of fast growing and robust algal species suitable for cultivation in organic waste, and developing of advanced cultivation techniques; and (3) increasing energy yields from algal biomass through conversion of lipid extracted algal residues into methane. In addition, the proposed capture and consumption of potentially harmful environmental nutrients from human, animal and algal wastes will eliminate their discharge into water bodies and reduce anthropogenic pressures on ecosystems. Finally, successful implementation of the proposed technology will benefit economic development and reduce environmental costs for society as a whole but especially for rural and underdeveloped communities with ecosystems challenged by pollution from agriculture and other industries

Conversion of stranded waste-stream carbon and nutrients into value-added products via metabolically coupled binary heterotroph-photoautotroph system

Growth of heterotrophic bacterium Bacillus subtilis was metabolically coupled with the photosynthetic activity of an astaxanthin-producing alga Haematococcus pluvialis for conversion of starch-containing waste stream into carotenoid-enriched biomass. The H. pluvialis accounted for 63% of the produced co-culture biomass of 2.2 g/L. Importantly, the binary system requires neither exogenous supply of gaseous substrates nor application of energy-intensive mass transfer technologies due to in-situ exchange in CO2 and O2. The maximum reduction in COD, total nitrogen and phosphorus reached 65%, 55% and 30%, respectively. Conducted techno-economic assessment suggested that the astaxanthin-rich biomass may potentially offset the costs of waste treatment, and, with specific productivity enhancements (induction of astaxanthin to 2% and increase H. pluvialis fraction to 80%), provide and additional revenue stream. The outcome of this study demonstrates a successful proof-of-principle for conversion of waste carbon and nutrients into value-added products through metabolic coupling of heterotrophic and phototrophic metabolisms

Microalgae as a Feedstock for Biofuel Precursors and Value-Added Products: Green Fuels and Golden Opportunities

The prospects of biofuel production from microalgal carbohydrates and lipids coupled with greenhouse gas mitigation due to photosynthetic assimilation of CO2 have ushered in a renewed interest in algal feedstock. Furthermore, microalgae (including cyanobacteria) have become established as commercial sources of value-added biochemicals such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid pigments used as antioxidants in nutritional supplements and cosmetics. This article presents a comprehensive synopsis of the metabolic basis for accumulating lipids as well as applicable methods of lipid and cellulose bioconversion and final applications of these natural or refined products from microalgal biomass. For lipids, one-step in situ transesterification offers a new and more accurate approach to quantify oil content. As a complement to microalgal oil fractions, the utilization of cellulosic biomass from microalgae to produce bioethanol by fermentation, biogas by anaerobic digestion, and bio-oil by hydrothermal liquefaction are discussed. Collectively, a compendium of information spanning green renewable fuels and value-added nutritional compounds is provided

Co-digestion of wastewater-grown filamentous algae with sewage sludge improves biomethane production and energy balance compared to thermal, chemical, or thermochemical pretreatments

© 2019 Bohutskyi, Keller, Phan, Parris, Li, Richardson and Kopachevsky. Wastewater algal treatment systems show improved economic viability and enhanced energy return on investment if integrated with biofuel production. One option is to anaerobically digest the algae to generate bio-methane. This method is appropriate for relatively low lipid filamentous algae typical of turf scrubbers®. However, an unbalanced algal biomass composition (e.g. carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, C/N) and the resistance of algae to biodegradation can limit biomass conversion into bio-methane. To evaluate options to enhance bio-methane production, an indigenous assembly of macro-algae was established and cultivated in CO2-infused secondary wastewater effluent, then harvested and either anaerobically digested using pretreatments or co-digested with sewage sludge. Results were used to develop methane production kinetic models and perform an anaerobic digestion (AD) system energy balance analysis to assess the feasibility of pretreatment and co-digestion for a scaled process. Floways were dominated by Ulothrix and Oedogonium algae and had periphyton biomass production rates that averaged 3.7 ± 0.4 g VS m-2 d-1 (±1 SD) during the initial 7-day colonization period. Biomass increased by 62% in the second half of the 14-day experiment. Ultimate methane yield from harvested biomass was improved relative to controls (306 ± 13 mL gVS-1) through thermal pretreatment by 15%, dilute acid by 5%, dilute alkali by 17%, and acid- and alkali-assisted thermochemical pretreatments by 23 and 27%, respectively. However, all pretreatment methods undermined the energy balance parameters including Net Energy Ratio (NER) and Net Energy Efficiency (NEE) due to the heat required for thermal pretreatments and the electricity needed to produce chemical reagents. In contrast, co-digestion of algal biomass with sewage sludge synergistically enhanced methane generation, yielding up to 401±3 mL gVS-1 at an algae-to-sludge ratio of 20% to 80%. Co-digestion with sludge also strongly improved AD system energy balance. NER and NEE increased from 2.8 and 73% for algae alone to 4.3 and 81% for a 20% to 80% algae-to-sludge mix, respectively. Moreover, the Net Energy Recovery during co-digestion reached 39% compared to 26 and 33% when algae or sewage sludge were processed as single-substrates. Thus, co-digestion of algae with sewage sludge serves as an attractive option for maximizing energy gain from AD of biomass harvested from filamentous algal treatment systems

Diploid genomic architecture of Nitzschia inconspicua, an elite biomass production diatom.

A near-complete diploid nuclear genome and accompanying circular mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have been assembled from the elite commercial diatom species Nitzschia inconspicua. The 50 Mbp haploid size of the nuclear genome is nearly double that of model diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, but 30% smaller than closer relative Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Diploid assembly, which was facilitated by low levels of allelic heterozygosity (2.7%), included 14 candidate chromosome pairs composed of long, syntenic contigs, covering 93% of the total assembly. Telomeric ends were capped with an unusual 12-mer, G-rich, degenerate repeat sequence. Predicted proteins were highly enriched in strain-specific marker domains associated with cell-surface adhesion, biofilm formation, and raphe system gliding motility. Expanded species-specific families of carbonic anhydrases suggest potential enhancement of carbon concentration efficiency, and duplicated glycolysis and fatty acid synthesis pathways across cytosolic and organellar compartments may enhance peak metabolic output, contributing to competitive success over other organisms in mixed cultures. The N. inconspicua genome delivers a robust new reference for future functional and transcriptomic studies to illuminate the physiology of benthic pennate diatoms and harness their unique adaptations to support commercial algae biomass and bioproduct production

Total Synthesis of a Functional Designer Eukaryotic Chromosome

Designer Chromosome One of the ultimate aims of synthetic biology is to build designer organisms from the ground up. Rapid advances in DNA synthesis has allowed the assembly of complete bacterial genomes. Eukaryotic organisms, with their generally much larger and more complex genomes, present an additional challenge to synthetic biologists. Annaluru et al. (p. 55 , published online 27 March) designed a synthetic eukaryotic chromosome based on yeast chromosome III. The designer chromosome, shorn of destabilizing transfer RNA genes and transposons, is ∼14% smaller than its wild-type template and is fully functional with every gene tagged for easy removal. </jats:p